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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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% composition of cellular and intercellular components of blood
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45% cellular
55% intercellular |
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Name 3 different cell tasks a red blood cell could do.
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Clotting
Produce antibodies Phagocytosis |
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What is the pH of blood?
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7.35-7.45
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Could blood proteins cross capillaries?
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Most do not
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How does blood maintain the osmolarity of extracellular fluids?
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Plasma proteins create osmotic pressure influencing water movement
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What is the composition of blood?
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Rbc, wbc, platlets suspended in plasma (extracellular fluid)
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What percentage of body weight is blood?
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6-8%
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What is the blood volume for males and females?
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Males: 5-6 L
Females: 4.5-5.5 L |
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Determinants of and specific gravity of blood.
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1.05-1.06; number of RBC, chemical concentration
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Whole blood viscosity #
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3.5-5.5 (4.5 mean)
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Plasma viscosity #
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1.9-2.6 (mean 2.2)
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What is viscosity determined by?
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number of cells, cell's resistance to being moved, mutual attraction of molecules dissolved in the plasma
Increase in # cells and proteins increase viscosity |
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What 3 parts do blood and anticoagulant separate into?
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Plasma, buffy coat of leukocytes, sedimented erythrocytes
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What is the sedimentation rate?
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Rate at which RBC's settle
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What is the sedimentation rate of men and women?
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Men: 2-10 mm/ 1 hr
Women: 2-20 mm/1 hr |
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What does sedimentation rate involve?
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Rouleaux (clumping of RBC), rapid settling and packing of RBC mass
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What can increase and decrease sedimentation rate?
What diseases arise? |
Increase: increase plasma proteins to facilitate rouleux formation (inflammatory disease
Decrease: abnormal shape of cells in sickle decrease rouleaux |
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What is the hematocrit ratio definition and numbers for males versus females?
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Volume occupied by RBC/ volume of blood sample
Male: 47 % Females: 42% |
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What comprises plasma versus serum?
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Plasma: whole blood cells and platelets
Serum: plasma-coagulation factors |
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What are the inorganic solutes in plasma?
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Na, Cl, Ca, K, HCo3
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Plasma versus interstitial fluid
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Capillary wall separates them
In osmotic equil with eachother Rapidly exchange h20 and electrolytes |
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What is the osmotic pressure of plasma?
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7.3 atm, 09% NaCl= Saline
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What is the oncotic pressure?
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Determines distribution of H20 between plasma and interstitial fluid
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What percent of albumin composes plasma protein and colloid osmotic pressure?
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60% plasma protein
80% osmotic pressure |
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What binds to albumin to dissolve?
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Penicillin, barbiturates, bilirubin, hormones, fatty acids, bile salts
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What percentage of plasma proteins are globulins?
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40%
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What are a1 globulins?
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glycoproteins, lipoproteins, thyroxine, cortisol, vitamin B12 binding globulins
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What are a2 globulins?
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heptoglobulin, ceruloplasmin, prothrombin, erythropoietin, angiotensinogen
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What are b1 and b2s?
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LDL is b1, phospholipids, lipid soluble vitamins, transferrin
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How do plasma proteins change their amounts?
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Albumin/ globulin remain stable
Inflammatory diseases increas Igs, decrease albumin |
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Where do WBC and RBC come from?
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WBC= Lymphoid progenitor cell
RBC= pluripotential hemopoirtic stem cells |
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What composes hemoglobin?
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globulin + 4 heme groups
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What composes a heme group?
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Fe + O2
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What type of hemoglobin is in the lungs?
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Oxy-hemoglobin
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What type of hemoglobin is in tissue?
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Reduced hemoglobin
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How much hemoglobin is in the blood?
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15 g hemoglobin/ 100 ml blood
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What is the 02 carrying capacity of blood?
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20 ml O2/ 100 ml blood
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What is the most prevalent hemoglobin in adults?
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type A1
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What chains are A1, A2, and F hemoglobin made of?
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A1= 2a 2b
A2= 2A 2d F= 2A 2g |
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What chain in hemoglobin is affected by sickle cell?
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beta chain
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Where are RBC's formed from in the fetus?
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yolk sac, liver, spleen, red bone marrow
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Where are RBCs formed from in adults?
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red marrow of humerus, femur, ribs, sternum, scapulae, skull, vertebrae, pelvis
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How many RBC are produced per day?
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230 million/ day
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What is the lifetime of RBC?
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4 months
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Where are RBCs destroyed?
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spleen, liver, marrow
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How is fe stored? Where?
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Ferratin; liver, intestinal epithelium, spleen, marrow
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What does transferrin do?
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Transports stored Fe to RBCs in marrow
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What is the hormone that regulates erythropoiesis?
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Erythropoietin
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What happens when O2 tension decreases in systemic arterial blood?
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There is an increase in kidney to release erythropoietin and travels to marrow
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How does the number of RBC progenitor cells change with a decrease in 02 tension?
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Increase number of cells
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What happens when hemoglobin is destroyed?
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Globin breaks into amino acids and heme is broken Fe3+ biliverdin
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What is Biliverdin reduced to?
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Bilirubin released into plasma
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Where does bilirubin travel to?
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The liver
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How is bilirubin excreted?
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As a bile salt into biliary duct system that empties into small intestine
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How is bilirubin converted to urobilinogen?
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Bacteria
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What is the form of bilirubin called in feces and urine?
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Stercobulin and urobilin
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What is hyperbilirbinema?
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Due to high rate of cell destruction- bilirubin is toxic to nervous system
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What is anemia?
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Reduced O2 delivery to tissues, decrease hemoglobin or number RBC
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What are anemic values of hemotocrit and hemoglobin?
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Hemoglobin < 12 g/ dL
Hemotocrit < 37% |
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What is the equation for MCV?
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Mean corpuscular volume
hemotocrit x 1000/ RBC count (millions/ uL) |
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What is the equation for MCH?
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(g/dL Hb x 10)/ RBC count
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What is MCHC?
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Mean corpuscular Hb conc (g/dL Hb)/ hematocrit
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What is hemorrhagic anemia?
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Acute/ chronic blood loss
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What is megaloblastic anemia?
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deficiency of folic acid and/or cobalamin releasing megoblasts w more Hb than normal RBC (and has nucleus
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What is pernicious anemia?
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megaloblastic anemia via autoimmune disease- attacks intrinsic factor stomach cells
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What is erythrocyte maturation factor?
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intrinsic factor + b12
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What is aplastic anemia?
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caused by radiation and cytoxic drugs- decrease in production of RBC
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What is hemolytic anemia?
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RBC destruction > capacity of marrow to replace cells- jaudice, serum increase in bilirubin, hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cll
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What is thalassesemias?
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Inherited disorders, limit rate of synthesis of a or b hemoglobin chains (hypochromatic, microcytic)
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Agranulocyte versus granulocyte nucleus
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simple nucleus without lobes versus polymorphonucleur
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Highest to lowest WBC amounts
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Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and esophils, basophils
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What is the value of WBC in the body?
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7,000-10,000/ uL
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What do neutrophils have compared to other granulocytes?
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Hydrolytic enzymes while others have phagocytins
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What do eosophils contain for detoxification?
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oxidases, peroxidases, phosphotases
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What do granules contain?
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Heparin (anti-coagulant) and histamine (vasodilator)
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What do competent T-cells do?
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directly attack antigens or release lymphokines to attract granulocytes, stimulate B-cells and other T-cells
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What are the stages for WBC formation?
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Pluripotentional hemopoietic stem cells- lymphoid progenitor- T cell precursors, b cell precursors, myeloid progeinator cells- granulocytes, monocytes, mast cells
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What is granulopoiesis regulated by?
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Leukocyte inducing factor
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What do platelets do?
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Release chemicals, constrict blood vessels, minimize blood loss
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What chemicals are released for blood coagulation?
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Serotonin, ADP, platelet factors
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