Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What constitutes plasma?
|
Whole blood - cells and platelets
|
|
What constitutes serum?
|
Plasma - coag. factors
|
|
What plasma protein is 60% of plasma protein and 80% of colloid osmotic pressure, and aids in the dissolution of substances in plasma?
|
Albumin
|
|
What form of hemoglobin is in the fetal blood?
|
Hemoglobin type F
|
|
What is significant about hemoglobin type F?
|
It has a greater affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin
|
|
What chain of hemoglobin is affected by Sickel cell?
|
Beta-Chain
|
|
What is the term for reduced oxygen delivery to the tissues?
|
Anemia
|
|
What type of anemia is caused by internal blood loss, inadequate absorption of Fe, loss of Fe stores, or abnormalities in Fe utilization?
|
Fe-deficiency anemia
|
|
What type of anemia is due to acute or chronic blood loss?
|
Hemorrhagic anemias
|
|
What type of anemia is caused by a deficiency of folic acid and/or cobalamin?
|
Megaloblastic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia is caused by an autoimmune disease that attacks the stomach cells producing the intrinsic factor?
|
Pernicious anemia
|
|
What is the erythrocyte maturation factor?
|
B12 + Intrinsic Factor
|
|
Radiation and cytotoxic drugs often cause what type of anemia?
|
Aplastic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia occurs when the rate of RBC destruction is greater than the capacity of the marrow to replace the cells?
|
Hemolytic anemia
|
|
What is the term for excessive production of all blood cells produced in the marrow?
|
Polycythemia vera
|
|
What is pus made up of?
|
Dying neutrophils
|
|
How is coagulation formed?
|
Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin to make a mesh-like network
|
|
What is the inability of blood to properly clot?
|
Hemophilia
|
|
What is the deficiency in Hemophilia A?
|
Deficiency of Factor VIII
|
|
What is the deficiency in Hemophilia B?
|
Deficiency in factor IX
|
|
What is the deficiency in Hemophilia C?
|
Deficiency in Factor XI
|
|
What is required by the liver for synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
|
Vitamin K
|
|
What group of small proteins has anti-viral activities?
|
Interferons
|
|
What cells are primarily responsible for the cell mediated immune response?
|
Macrophages and T-Cells
|
|
Where can Class I MHC molecules be found?
|
On the surface of all nucleated cells in the body
|
|
Where can Class II MHC molecules be found?
|
On the surface of some cells of the immune system (CD4+ cells)
|
|
What are two types of functional CD8+ cells?
|
Cytotoxic T Cells
Supressor T Cells |
|
What are two types of functional CD4+ cells?
|
Helper T Cells
Memory T Cells |
|
What do CD4+ TH1 cells secrete which activate macrophages?
|
IFN-Gamma
|
|
Which immunoglobulin accounts for 70-75% of all immunoglobulins?
|
IgG
|
|
What is the principal antibody found in saliva, milk, tears, and fluids secreted into genitourinary and digestive tracts?
|
IgA
|
|
What Ig is present on the plasma membrane of many circulating B lymphocytes?
|
IgD
|
|
What Ig stimulates basophils and mast cells to release histamine and other chemicals of the allergic response?
|
IgE
|
|
What cells are involved in antibody-mediated immune response?
|
B-Lymphocytes with assistance from T4 helper cells
|
|
What molecules stimulate the activated B lymphocytes to differentiate into and clone plasma cells and memory B cells?
|
IL-4
IL-5 IL-10 |
|
What molecule secreted by the macrophage stimulates CD4+ cells to develop into a helper T cell?
|
IL-1
|
|
Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation?
|
Right side
|
|
What is the capacitance and pressure of arteries?
|
Low Capacitance
High Pressure |
|
What is the capacitance and pressure of veins?
|
High Capacitance
Low Pressure |
|
What determines blood pressure?
|
Vascular blood volume and
Capacitance |
|
What is the flow in the cardiovascular system determined by?
|
The pressure difference between two points in the system and the resistance to flow between them
|
|
What segment of the vascular system has a negative pressure in mm Hg?
|
Veins (Downstream End) when they enter the thoracic cavity
|
|
How does blood flow in the heart?
|
From Right Atrium to Right Ventricle to Pulmonary circulation
Then flows from left atrium to left ventricle into systemic circulation |
|
What is the rhythmic contraction of the heart dependent upon?
|
The rhythmic generation of electrical activity by pacemaker cells
|
|
Where are the cells which normally pace the heart found?
|
Sinoatrial (SA) node
|
|
What is the initial phase of spontaneous depolarization?
|
Phase 4 (diastolic depolarization)
|
|
What does diastolic depolarization initiate?
|
Phase 0 (Rapid upstroke of the action potential)
|
|
What follows Phase 0 (SA Node)?
|
Phase 3 (Spontaneous repolarization phase)
|
|
Which ions are involved in Phase 4 (SA Node)?
|
Na, Ca
|
|
Which ions are involved in Phase 0 (SA Node)?
|
Ca
|
|
Which ions are involved in Phase 3 (SA Node)?
|
K
|
|
How is heart rate changed?
|
By the changing of the slope of phase 4 of the SA node
|
|
What does a decrease in ongoing parasympathetic nervous system activity do to heart rate?
|
It increases it
|
|
What is the normal route of the conduction of action potentials through the myocardium?
|
Initiation at <i>SA node</i>
Conduction (rapid) through atrium to <i>AV node</i> Conduction (slowly) through AV node leading to <i> excitation of Bundle of His </i> Excitation of Perkinje fibers conduct (rapidly) to apex and base of the heart, and from cell to cell via gap junctions. |
|
What function of the cardiac muscle ensures that it cannot be tetanized?
|
The prolonged refractory period of ventricular cardiac muscle cells relative to the mechanical phase
|
|
What is a record of the electrical activity of the heart recorded from the surface of the body?
|
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
|
|
What produces the P wave of the standard lead I?
|
Conduction of electrical activity through the atria
|
|
What produces the T wave of the standard lead I?
|
Repolarization of the ventricle
|
|
What causes the QRS complex of the standard lead I?
|
Depolarization of the ventricles
|
|
What phase does an open current channel of I(f) correspond to?
|
Phase 4 (SA node)
|
|
During which phase of the SA node is the I(si) channel open?
|
Phase 0
|
|
What ion channel is open during Phase 3 of the SA node's action potential?
|
I(k)
|
|
What is the SV (Stroke Volume) equal to?
|
The difference between EDV (End diastolic volume) and ESV (End Systolic Volume)
|
|
What is used to evaluate the competence of the heart and what is its normal value?
|
Ejection Fraction (EF = SV/EDV)
Normally @ 0.67 |
|
What is the first heart sound associated with?
|
The closure of the mitral valve
|
|
What wave of the ECG marks the beginning of systole and phase 3 of the cardiac cycle?
|
R wave
|
|
What is the Phase 3 of the cardiac cycle referred to because the volume of the ventricular chamber does not change?
|
isovolumetric contraction
|
|
What event produces a T wave in the ECG?
|
The repolarization of the ventricular fibers
|
|
What is the phase 4 of the cardiac cycle often referred to?
|
The ejection phase
|
|
What is the first phase of ventricular diastole in the cardiac cycle?
|
Phase 5
|
|
What is Phase 5 of the cardiac cycle often referred to because the ventricular volume does not change during this phase?
|
Isovolumetric relaxation phase
|
|
Which phase of the cardiac cycle is the period of rapid ventricular filling and starts with the opening of the mitral valve?
|
Phase 6
|
|
What event produces a P wave in the ECG?
|
The SA node initiating the depolarization of the atrial muscle fibers
|
|
What event causes the R wave in the ECG?
|
The electrical activity conducting through the purkinje fibers and into non-specialized ventricular muscle
|
|
What causes the Q wave on the ECG?
|
The conduction of electrical activity through the AV node and bundle of His
|
|
What is the term for the rate at which the heart pumps blood from veins to arteries?
|
Cardiac Output
|
|
What is the product of stroke volume and heart rate?
|
Cardiac Output
|
|
How can the cardiac output be increased?
|
Increasing EDV
Decreasing ESV Increasing HR |
|
What effect does an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity to the SA node have on the heart rate?
|
Increases heart rate
|
|
(T/F) Excessive changes in heart rate decrease cardiac output.
|
True, Large increases in HR decrease EDV significantly
|
|
What intrinsic mechanism for regulating SV states the increases in EDV will increase SV?
|
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
|
|
Which system determines EDV?
|
Vascular System
|
|
What are the major determinants of energy consumption of working hearts?
|
Heart rate
Arterial Blood Pressure |
|
Where does exchange of material between blood and tissues take place?
|
Capillaries
|
|
What is the reservoir of blood at high pressure?
|
Arteries
|
|
What is the reservoir of blood at low pressure?
|
Veins and Venules
|
|
What feature of arteries and veins produces pressure?
|
Elastic Tissue (The stretching of elastic tissue produces pressure)
|
|
What is the total peripheral resistance?
|
Resistance to flow between the aorta and right atrium
|
|
Where does the pressure drop most when traversing the circulatory system?
|
When going through the <i>arterioles</i>, because arteriole resistance is high
|
|
What is equal to systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure?
|
Pulse pressure
|
|
What can be used to measure blood flow?
|
Mean arterial pressure
|
|
How is mean arterial pressure calculated?
|
Diastolic pressure + 1/3(Pulse Pressure)
|
|
How is resistance to flow related to he radius of the arterioles?
|
Resistance to flow is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius
|
|
What is the response of vascular arteriole muscle to stretch?
|
Myogenic control
|
|
What is arteriole dilation produced by metabolic products that are generated by tissue activity?
|
Active hyperemia
|
|
What are products that can be released to relax arterioles?
|
Histamine
Prostaglandins Products of Endothelial Cells |
|
What is the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system that binds to alpha receptors and causes contraction of vascular smooth muscle?
|
Norepinephrine
|
|
What is the neurotransmitter that binds to beta-2 receptors and causes relaxation, dilation, of vascular smooth muscle?
|
Epinephrine
|
|
What effect does Angiotensin-II have on the arterioles?
|
It is a potent vasoconstrictor of arterioles
|
|
What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide have on the vascular system?
|
It is a potent vasodilator
|
|
What vessel controls the flow of blood to the capillaries?
|
Arterioles
|
|
What is the term for switching of blood flow from one capillary to another?
|
vasomotion
|
|
What lies between the capillary and the cells which the capillary nourishes?
|
Interstitium
|
|
What are the forces producing filtration and reabsorption?
|
Hydrostatic pressures
Oncotic pressures (osmotic pressure due to proteins) |
|
What does a positive Q (net flow across the capillary wall) mean?
|
A net filtration of fluid out of the capillaries
|
|
Why do veins have large capacitances?
|
Because of their very thin walls
|
|
What determines end diastolic volume?
|
Venous pressure and the blood volume returned to heart
|
|
What function does the negative pressure in the thorax have on venous return?
|
It increases venous return by increasing the pressure gradient between veins in the thorax and outside the thorax
|
|
What exerts the major short term control of arterial blood pressure?
|
Baroreceptor Reflex
|
|
What change in arterial pressure would increase baroreceptor firing rate?
|
An increase in arterial pressure
|
|
How is long term control of blood pressure achieved?
|
Adjusting blood volume (kidneys, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
|
|
What is the slowest response of the system to hemmorhage?
|
The decrease in the rate at which sodium is lost in urine
|
|
What are three sources that provide energy to muscles via anaerobic pathways?
|
ATP
Phosphocreatine (regenerate ATP) Glycogen-lactic acid system |
|
What types of nutrients are oxidized during high intensity exercise?
|
Carbohydrates initially, then fatty acids later
|
|
What nutrients are oxidized to regenerate ATP during moderate exercise?
|
Fatty acids preferentially
|
|
What is the principle cause of the increase in cardiac output during exercise?
|
The large decrease in total peripheral resistance caused by the decrease in resistance to flow through the exercising muscle
|
|
If the left heart fails, where would an increase in venous pressure take place?
|
In the pulmonary venous system
|
|
What does an increase in blood volume and venous pressure produce?
|
Edema
|
|
Pulmonary edema is often the result of what?
|
Left heart failure
|