Physiology Exam 4

Front 1

Partial pressure concept

Back 1

need to know gas's fractional concentration and Pb

Front 2

Dalton's law

Back 2

each gas in mix exers it's own partial pressure as if others weren't present. Partial press of indiv gases in a mix are additive

Front 3

Comp of air

Back 3

alveolar air: less o2 than room or expired because o2 unloaded during gas exchange. exhaled has more o2 bc dead space.

Front 4

partial pressure gradient

Back 4

high to low.

Front 5

pressure >1atm

Back 5

hyperbaric oxygenation, forces o2 into tissues

Front 6

external respiration

Back 6

air from outside, coming into lungs, exchnaging gas at alveoli with blood o2 into rbc

Front 7

factors affecting external expiration

Back 7

partial pressure of gases, struc of resp membr, ventilation/perfusion matching

Front 8

internal resiration

Back 8

conversion oxygenated->deoxygenated

Front 9

diffusion o2

Back 9

inward: at rest 25% available o2 enters cells. during exercise more o2 absorbed

Front 10

diffusion of co2 outward

Back 10

o2 out of rbc into cell, co2 out of cell and onto rbc

Front 11

major factors affecting rate of diffusion of gases

Back 11

partial pressure of gases in air, large surface area of alveoli, thin membrane, molec weight and solubility of gas

Front 12

gas transport concepts

Back 12

transport o2/co2, move about role of hemoglobin, oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve, chemoreceptor control of resp

Front 13

transport of o2 in blood

Back 13

1. dissolved in plasma-1.5
2. bound to hemoglobin-98.5

Front 14

Hbo2 inside rbc

Back 14

oxyhemoglobin

Front 15

major roles of hemoglobin

Back 15

o2 transport, co2 transport, reg bf/bp

Front 16

modes of transport co2 in the blood

Back 16

1. dissolved in plasma-9
2. bound to hemoglobin-13
3. bicarbonate-78

Front 17

amount of bco2 depends on

Back 17

percent saturation of hb with o2
lower % hbo2 saturation, higher capacity for forming hbco2

Front 18

oxygen saturation of hb molec

Back 18

sat level can vary, 1 site bound-25, , normal oxygen saturation of arterial blood>95

Front 19

level of saturation controlled

Back 19

po2- more po2 more saturation

Front 20

measurement of oxygen saturation

Back 20

arterial blood gas(invasive)
pulse oximeter

Front 21

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Back 21

small cahnge in tissue level causes large change in % saturation
takes great loss of po2 to drastically affect %saturation

Front 22

factors that can change the hbo2 dissociation curve

Back 22

po2(most imp), other factors affect affinity for which hb binds o2

Front 23

4 factors

Back 23

ph, pco2, temp, 2,3-dpg

Front 24

ateriovenous oxygen difference (a-VO2)

Back 24

arterial: wahts going in tissue
venous: what going out tissue
a-VO2 whats left

Front 25

fick equation

Back 25

links cv o resp systems to describe tissue metabolism

Front 26

carbon monoxide posioning

Back 26

co binds hb heme group more successfully than o2

Front 27

cortical nephron

Back 27

short loop of henle doesn't go into medulla

Front 28

juxtamedullary nephron

Back 28

long loops of henle, go into medulla

Front 29

renal blood supply

Back 29

20-25% resting cardiac output. 2 arterioles, 2 capillary bed

Front 30

vasa reta

Back 30

specialized pertubular capillaries

Front 31

glomerular

Back 31

unique because between 2 arterioles, not arteriole and venule

Front 32

function of kidneys

Back 32

reg blood ionic comp, reg blood pH, reg blood vol and BP, maintain blood osmolarity, hormone production, reg blood glucose, excretion of wastes in urine

Front 33

filtration

Back 33

1st step in urine formation, movement water and solutes from blood plasma across the wall of the glomerular capillaries and into glomerular capsule into renal tubule

Front 34

GFR increases

Back 34

substances pass too quickly through renal tubules and aren't reabsorbed.

Front 35

GFR decreases

Back 35

all filtrate reabsorbed and certain waste products aren't excreted.

Front 36

clearance=

Back 36

Ux * V/Px

Front 37

factors regulate GFR

Back 37

renal autoregulation, neural regulation, hormonal regualtion

Front 38

renal autoregualtion

Back 38

myogenic, tubuloglomerular

Front 39

myogenic

Back 39

increased bloodflow stretch afferent arteriole

Front 40

tubuloglomerular

Back 40

increase blood flow, increase GFR, fluid flows too rapidly through renal tubule not reabsorbed. Vasoconstrict relased from juxtaglomerular appparatus, afferent arterioles constric, decrease GFR

Front 41

Hormonal regulation of GFR-ANP

Back 41

ANP: (increases GFR) increase blood volume cause atria to stretch and ANP is released- relax glom cells- increase capillary surface- increase GFR

Front 42

Hormonal regulation of GFR-Angiotensin II

Back 42

decrease GFR, vasoconstriction narrows afferent/efferent decrease in GFR

Front 43

reabsorption

Back 43

movement of substances from renal tubule to blood stream

Front 44

secretion

Back 44

removal of substances from blood to renal tubule-dumping waste, drug residues, excess ions

Front 45

proximal tubule

Back 45

reabsorption- largest amount water and solutes most reabs na and gluc, also AA, K, Cl, bicarbonate
Secretion-H ions and durg residue

Front 46

loop of henle: descending

Back 46

reabsorbs: water
secretes:NaCl

Front 47

loop of henle: ascending

Back 47

water impermeable
reabsorbs: NaCl

Front 48

Distal Tubule and collecting duct

Back 48

secretion: k and h
reabsorption: NaCl and water
dependent on ADH and aldosterone

Front 49

osmolarity

Back 49

solutes that don't cross freely-exert force (osmotic pressure) causes water movement across cells.

Front 50

colloid osmotic pressure

Back 50

osmolarity of plasma proteins.

Front 51

steady state

Back 51

intake=output

Front 52

renal failure

Back 52

output<intake= positive balance
excessive increase in body fluid and salt

Front 53

endocrine defect

Back 53

output>intake=negative balance
causing excessive salt/water loss in urine or water excretion