Physiology Exam 4

Front 1

Overall process of providing O2 to the tissues and removing CO2

Back 1

external respiration

Front 2

metabolic reactions utilizing O2 to break down molecules of fuel resulting in the production of CO2

Back 2

internal (cellular) respiration

Front 3

What are the components of the upper airway

Back 3

mouth, nose pharynx, larynx

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Front 4

What is the fx of the conducting zone

Back 4

brings air into and out of the respiratory zone; functions to warm, humidify, and filter the air before reaching the gas exchange areas

Front 5

Functions:
provides low-resistance pathway for air flow
defends against microbes, toxic chem., etc
warms and moistens air; phonates

Back 5

conducting zone

Front 6

What is the main conducting airway

Back 6

trachea

Front 7

What constitues the first 16 levels of branching in the conducting zone

Back 7

bronchi

Front 8

The conducting airways are lined with ________ that fx to remove inhaled particles contributing to the defense mechs of the upper airways

Back 8

mucous-secreting and ciliated cells

Front 9

What innervates the smooth muscle of the conducting airways

Back 9

SNS & PNS

Front 10

Beta 2 receptors of the SNS mediate ____ actions of the neurotransmitter ____; whereas muscarinic receptors of the PNS mediate ____ actions of the neurotransmitter ___.

Back 10

bronchodilating, NE

bronchoconstrictor; acetylcholine

Front 11

Activation of (SNS/PNS) increases bronchial secretions, & activation of (SNS/PNS) decreases them

Back 11

PNS; SNS

Front 12

The respiratory zone includes

Back 12

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

Front 13

How many levels of branching are in the resp. zone

Back 13

7

Front 14

How many alveoli and how much surface area is in the resp. zone

Back 14

300 million alveoli; 100 sq meters

Front 15

Where do the diffusion of gases occur

Back 15

resp. zone

Front 16

What 2 types of epithelial cells are present in the alveoli and which produces surfactant

Back 16

Type I & II pneumocytes;

Type II

Front 17

Reduces the surface tension and prevents the collapse of the individual alveolar sacs

Back 17

surfactant

Front 18

The alveolar-capillary membrane is very (thick or thin) facilitating the diffusion & exchange of gases

Back 18

thin

Front 19

Present to engulf foreign particles allowing the alveoli to fx optimally

Back 19

alveolar macrophages

Front 20

Blood flow to the lung originates from where

Back 20

the RV

Front 21

Supplies blood to the conducting airways to provide nutrition

Back 21

bronchial flow

Front 22

Supplies blood to the alveoli for the gas exchange process, and is also important in providing nutrition to the alveolar wall

Back 22

pulmonary flow

Front 23

How much blood vol is in the lung at any one time

Back 23

10% of total circulating blood vol (500 ml)

Front 24

At rest the vol of blood in the capillary network is about ___, however, during exercise, maximal capillary vol of about ___ can be reached

Back 24

70 ml

200 ml

Front 25

What are 3 ways that the pulmonary vascular system is diff from the systemic

Back 25

Low pressure, low resistance, high compliance

Front 26

Resistance to blood flow in the pulm circulation is only ___ that of the systemic

Back 26

1/10

Front 27

Blood flow is regulated by what 2 mechanisms

Back 27

passive and active

Front 28

What is the predominant mech of regulation of blood flow

Back 28

passive

Front 29

Why can the lung vasculature significantly inc flow w/ minor changes in pressure

Back 29

Passive: recruitment and distention

Front 30

What do the following do to the vasomotor tone of the pulm vasculature
Active: dec/inc alveolar O2, NE (alpha & beta receptors), serotonin, inc CO2, acetylcholine, NO, TXA2, histamine, prostacyclin

Back 30

Vasoconstrict: dec O2, NE on alpha, histamine, serotonin, inc CO2, TXA2

Vasodilate: inc O2, NE on beta, prostacyclin, NO, acetylcholine

Front 31

Vasomotor tone is associated w/ which mech of blood flow regulation

Back 31

active

Front 32

What is the predominant active mech

Back 32

changes in alveolar O2

Front 33

In the lungs, low O2 results in

In systemic circulation, low O2 results in

Back 33

vasoconstriction

vasodilation

Front 34

What are examples of generalized hypoxia

What can this lead to

Back 34

high altitudes, emphysema

pulmonary hypertension

Front 35

In regional hypoxia, what happens

Back 35

shunting of blood from alveoli w/ high concentrations of O2

Front 36

Each lung resides in its own

Back 36

pleural cavity

Front 37

The lungs are covered w/ a secretory layer of cells called

Back 37

visceral pleura

Front 38

The ____ (also secretory) covers the inner chest wall, diaphragm, and lateral walls of the mediastinum

Back 38

parietal pleura

Front 39

What facilitates the movement of the lungs w/in each pleural cavity

Back 39

mucous secretions (pleural fluid)

Front 40

The lymphatics plays what 2 important roles

Back 40

lung fluid balance and respiratory defense

Front 41

What is the largest surface area of the body exposed to the external environment

Back 41

gas exchange surface of the lungs

Front 42

_____ come into play w/ vigorous inspiration such as during exercise

Back 42

external intercostals

Front 43

_________ come into play during conscious foreful expiration

Back 43

abdominal & internal intercostals

Front 44

Aids in the expansion of the lung & prevent collapse of the lung due to elastic tissue

Back 44

intrapleural pressure (Ppl)

Front 45

The presence of surfactant works in conjunction w/ ____ to maintain patency of the alveoli

Back 45

intrapleural press (Ppl)

Front 46

pressure gradient across the lung wall & keeps the lung from collapsing

Back 46

transpulmonary press (Pl = Palv-Ppl)

Front 47

An inc in Pl aids in the ____ of the lung during (exp/inspiration)

Back 47

Pl; inspiration

Front 48

pressure across the airway wall

Back 48

Pta (transairway press)

Front 49

Pta becomes more (positive/negative) during inspiration and (pos/neg) during expiration

Back 49

neg

pos

Front 50

Which pressure influences airway diameter and thus resistance to airflow

Back 50

transairway press (Pta)

Front 51

Press grad from the atm to the alveoli

Back 51

Ptr (transrespiratory press)

Front 52

Determines the overall buld airflow into and out of the lung

Back 52

Ptr

Front 53

What are the following equations:
Pl
Pta
Ptr

Back 53

Pl = Palv - Ppl
Pta = Paw - Ppl
Ptr = Patm - Palv

Front 54

Which pressures are equal at end exp and end insp

Back 54

Palv = Patm

Front 55

Which press is always neg

Back 55

Ppl

Front 56

What are the 3 primary factors involved in inspiration

Back 56

expansion of lungs against elastic forces
viscosity of lung & chest wall
airway resistance (Raw)

Front 57

Airflow =

Back 57

(Patm - Palv)/Raw

Front 58

What is the main determinant of airway resistance

Back 58

airway radius

Front 59

What are the humoral factors that affect radius

Back 59

leukotrienes & histamine (constrict)
NO (dilates)

Front 60

What are the local mech that affect airway radius

Back 60

changes in CO2

Inc = dilation
dec = constriction

Front 61

At onset of inspiration, what happens to Ppl

Back 61

becomes more neg

Front 62

At onset insp, what happens to Palv and why

Back 62

dec below Patm allowing for movement of air into the lung

Front 63

Amt of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

Back 63

RV

Front 64

Amt of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal Vt exhalation

Back 64

ERV

Front 65

Amt of air inhaled or exhaled w/ each breath under resting conditions

Back 65

Vt

Front 66

Amt of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal Vt inhalation

Back 66

IRV

Front 67

Max amt of air that can be expired after a max inspiratory effort

Back 67

VC

Front 68

Max amt of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

Back 68

IC

Front 69

Vol of air remaining in the lungs after a normal Vt expiration

Back 69

FRC

Front 70

Max amt of air contained in the lungs after a max inspiratory effort

Back 70

TLC

Front 71

What method cannot directly measure RV

Back 71

Direct spirometry

Front 72

When exhalation is performed as rapidly and forcibly as possible

Back 72

Forced vital capacity

Front 73

What is normal FVC in an adult

Back 73

5 Liters

Front 74

Normal FEV1 is

Back 74

75-80% of FVC

Front 75

What is dec/inc in empysema (obstructive)

What is dec/inc in pulmonary fibrosis (restrictive)

Back 75

dec FEV1

dec FEV1 & dec FVC

Front 76

Which (obst/restrictive) has a normal FEV1/FVC ratio of 75%

Back 76

restrictive

Front 77

Physiology dead space =

Back 77

anatomic + alveolar dead space

Front 78

Vol of air in the conducting zone airways that does not participate in gas exchange

Back 78

anatomic dead space

Front 79

portion of alveolar air not participating in gas exchange b/c of inadequate blood flow to alveoli or inadequate ventilation

Back 79

functional (alveolar) dead space

Front 80

What is normal anatomic dead space

Back 80

150 ml

Front 81

Total amount of air movement into and out of the lungs

Back 81

Minute ventilation

Front 82

V =

Back 82

Vt X breaths/min

Front 83

Rate at which new air reaches respiratory zone of lung and is V corrected for physiologic dead space

Back 83

alveolar ventilation (Va)

Front 84

Va =

Back 84

(Vt - Vd) X breaths/min

Front 85

What is the best way to increase alveolar ventilation

Back 85

increase the depth of breathing, not the rate

Front 86

____ refers to the distensibility factors; meas of how vol changes as a result of pressure changes

Back 86

compliance (lung & chest wall)

Front 87

Lungs have a natural tendency to recoil (outward/inward)

Back 87

inward

Front 88

Compliance =

Back 88

Change lung vol/(Palv - Ppl) = ^V/^Ptp