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227 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Circulatory Sys: LymphVascular Sys: Lymph Vessels- 3 types
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1.Lymph Capillaries
2.Collecting Vessels 3.Lymphatic Ducts |
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Lymph Capillaries:
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size of blood cap's; dead end sacs; intermingle w/ blood cap's; found @ tiss level
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lacteals:
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special lymph cap found in small int
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Collecting Vessels:
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size of small veins; internally contain valves: prevent backflow of lymph; formed by fusion of lymph cap's; supply lymph nodes
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Lymphatic Ducts:
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fusion of collecting vessels;
1.R lymphatic duct 2.L lymphatic duct |
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R lymphatic duct
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smaller b/c receives lymph from RU quadrant of body (diaphragm to head); ultimately drains into R subclavian vein
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L lymphatic duct
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larger; drains lymph from entire L side of body & RL quadrant of body; begins @ cisterna chyll @ L2 vertebra->ascends up thru thoractic cavity->to heart; ultimately drains lymph into L subclavian vein
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Lymph: characteristics
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similar to blood plasma, but contains far less protein
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Lymph: Formation & circulation
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1.blood cap's in tissues filter the plasma
2.into tissue fluid: 40% tiss fluid goes back into cir. sys into venules & 60% enters lymphatic cap's 3.from lymph cap's passed to collecting vessels, to L/R lymphatic ducts, to L/R subclavian veins |
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Lymph Nodes:
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microscopic in size; found in all tissues of the body
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Lymph Nodes: large accumulations/aggregations
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1.cervical region
2.antecubital region (in front of elbow) 3.inguinal region (medial region of thigh) 4.axillary region |
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Lymph Nodes: Structure
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1.afferent collecting vessels
2.lymph sinuses 3.efferent collecting vessels |
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afferent collecting vessels:
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structure that bring lymph to node;
1.capsule:outer layer of thin CT 2.trabeculae: ext of vessels into lymph nodes forming compartments 3.lymphatic nodules: found w/in compartments |
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lymphatic nodule:
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contain germinal center: where B & T lymphocytes are reproduced
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Lymph Sinuses:
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spaces containing lymph
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final order:
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afferent collecting vessels->lymph nodes, surrounded by lymph sinuses->efferent collecting vessels
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Lymph Nodes: Fxns
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1.purify lymph: in lymph sinuses find macrophages/reticuloendothelial cells that destroy old RBCs, bacteria & cellular debris by phagocytosis
2.production of T lymphocytes: cell mediated immunity 3. production of B lymphocytes: humoral immunity |
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Lymph-Vascular sys Fxn:
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1.same fxns as lymph nodes
2.return of tissue fluid to circulatory sys 3.lacteals absorb lipids in dig tract/GI tract |
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if lymph vessels become blocked:
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lymphedema: swelling of tissues due to tissue fluid accumulation; elephantiasis-when scar tissue obliterates LV's
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Spleen:
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carries out fxns w/ blood cells; largest lymphatic organ; oval and elongated; red due to blood in it
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Spleen: Location
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LU quad in abdomen: L of stomach, under diaphragm, L of kidney
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Spleen: Structure
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1.external capsule: thin layer CT; smooth musc embedded in CT
2.trabeculae: extensions of capsule into inner portion making compartments 3.splenic pulp: white & red pulp |
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White spleenic pulp-
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lymphatic nodules; similar to lymph node
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Red Spleenic pulp-
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outside white pulp; made up of blood sinuses containing a high number of RBCs; walls of sinuses similar to cap's w/ microphagic cells lining walls
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Spleen: Fxns
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1.lymphatic nodules: site where specific B & T lymphocytes made
2.destruction of dying RBCs 3.can inject up to 200mL blood into circulation |
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Respiratory Sys: external respiration
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exchange of O2/CO2 b/w ext env & blood; occurs outside lungs
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Respiratory Sys: Internal respiration
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exchange of O2/CO2 b/w blood & all cells of the body; occurs inside tissues
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Respiratory Sys: cellular respiration
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series of biomechanical rxns; O2 consumed & CO2 produced thruout rxns; krebs cycle, electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation all working together
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Respiratory Sys: inspiration
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inhalation; air taken up into lungs
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Respiratory Sys: expiration
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exhalation; air expelled from lungs
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Respiratory Sys: Location
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1.head
2.neck 3.thoracic cavity |
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Respiratory Sys: thoracic cavity
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1.walls: ribs & assoc intercostal musc, thoracic vert,
2.floor: diaphragm- dome shaped skeletal musc @ base of lungs |
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Respiratory Sys: PAthway of Air
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1.upper respiratory tract
2.lower respiratory tract |
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upper resp tract:
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nostrils->nasal cavities->nasopharynx->oropharynx->laryngopharynx->larynx-> end @ pharynx
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lower resp tract:
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1.larynx
2.trachea 3.primary bronchi 4.secondary bronchi 5.tertiary bronchi 6.bronchioles 7.alveolar duct 8.alveoli |
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lower resp tract: larynx
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hyaline cart, elastic cart, skeletal musc, various ligaments;
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larynx: 3 major regions
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1.body: made of 2 major cart- thyroid cart in upper region & cricoid cart in lower region
2.epiglottis: elastic cart; flexible; when moves covers rima glottidus, closing opening when swallowing 3.rima glottidus: opening into larynx & vocal cords on either side |
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lower resp tract: trachea
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"wind pipe" 12 in long; connects larynx to 2 smaller tubes: brimary bronchi; largest tube of airway; walls made up of Cshaped cart rings to keep from collapsing; smooth musc also @ walls
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lower resp tract: primary bronchi (2)
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L&R (R branches quickly so shorter); walls identical to trachea; leads to L&Rlungs; subdivide themselves into secondary bronchi
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lower resp tract: secondary bronchi (5)
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walls identical to trachea; leads to lobes of lungs; R has 3 bronchi & L has 2 bronchi
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lower resp tract: tertiary bronchi
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subdivede from secondary bronchi; very numerous; no Cshaped rings, so appear as flat, curved cartilage plates
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lower resp tract: bronchioles
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derived from tertiary bronchi; no cartilage @ all; walls entirely smooth musc
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lower resp tract: alveolar duct
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connects bronchiole to alveolar sac
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lower resp tract: alveoli/alveolar sac
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clusters of grapes on vine; alveolar sac made of many many alveoli; hollow, containing air; single cell thick; blood caps @ outer surface (site of O2/CO2 exchange); inner surface covered by chemical: surfactant
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surfactant:
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prevents alveolus from collapsing
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Breathing mvmts that produce Lung Ventilation:
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1.relationship of lungs to thoracic cavity
2. cause & effect relationship |
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Relationship of lungs & thoracic cavity:
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1.air tight space: not open to outside air
2.parietal pleura: memb connected to int intercostal musc 3.visceral pleura 4.pleural space: mintues space b/w the 2, contains pleural fluid |
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pleural fluid:
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acts like glue keeping 2 membranes in contact @ all times
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Significance visc pleura ->pleural fluid->parietal pleura
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keeps lungs attached to walls of thoracic cavity; change in vol in thoracic cavity = change in vol in lungs
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pneumothorax:
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air in space where fluid supposed to be & lungs collapse; collapsed lung= atelectasis
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Cause & Effect Rel: Inspiration
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ext intercostals contract->ribs move forward & upward->disphragm contracts->dome shape flattens->vol thor cavity increases->lung vol inc->alveolar air pressure dec->air forced into lungs
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Cause & Effect Rel: Expiration @ rest
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ext intercostals relax->returns ribcage to resting pos->diaphragm relaxes-> returns to dome shape-> vol thoracic cavity dec->lung vol dec->alveolar air press inc-> air forced out of lungs to env
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Cause & Effect Rel: Expiration during Ex
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breathing more quickly & deeply; inhalation has occured, int intercostals contract-> rib cage returns to norm position quickly->abdominal musc contract->abdomen&lungs compressed ->forced exhalation
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Lung Volumes: Tidal Volume
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@ rest; 500mL air; volume of air exchanged in normal quiet breathing
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Lung Volumes: Inspiratory Reserve Vol
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IRV; vol of air exchanged from end of normal inhalation to max inhalation; M 3000mL & F 2100mL
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Lung Volumes: Expiratory Reserve Vol
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ERV; vol of air exchanged after normal exhalation; M 1200mL & F 800mL
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Lung Volumes: Vital Capacity
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vol from max inhalation to max exhalation, including tidal vol; M 4700mL & F 3400mL
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Lung Volumes: Residual vol
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vol of air remaining in lungs after max exhalation; M 1200mL & F 1000mL
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Lung Volumes: Total lung capacity
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TLC= IRV + Tv + ERV + RV; M 5900mL & F 4400mL
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Lung Volumes: Dead Space
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air found from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles; gases/air in these regions dont exchange w/ blood; 150mL
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Nervous Control of Rhythmic Breathing: Physiological Centers
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1.Respiratory Center in MO: comprised of 2 regions
2.pontine resp group (PRG) in pons 3.Apneustic Center in pons |
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2 regions of Respiratory center:
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1.inspiratory center/ dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
2.expiratory center/ventral resp group (VRG) |
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Mechanism of normal quiet breathing: inhalation/exhalation
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DRG automatically turned off: DRG sends stim for 2sec to respiratory musc (intercostals & diaphragm)->contract->inhalation->DRG turns off & no stim sent-> resp musc relax->exhalation (passive)
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Theoretical mech in rapid deep breathing:
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picture
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apneusis:
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causes to breath in & hold- no exhalation; done during rapid exercise
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Eupnea:
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normal quiet breathing
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Apnea:
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absence of breathing mvmts
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Hyperpnea:
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rapid, deep breathing; commonly associated w/ exercise
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Dyspnea:
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difficult or labored breathing; associated w/ problems in resp sys
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Regulation of Lung Ventilation: Factors
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1.PCO2
2.H+ concentration 3.lack of O2/hypoxemia all in arterial blood |
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High PCO2: carbonic rxn
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(forward) CO2 + H2O ->H2CO3 ->H+ & HCO3-
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Low PCO2: carbonic rxn
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(reversed) H+ & HCO3 -> H2CO3 -> H2) & CO2 exhaled
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Regulation of Lung Ventilation: Hypercapnia
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PCO2 high in art blood; inc PCO@: inc PCO2 in CSF: forward carbonic rxn: inc H+ in CSF: stim central chemorecptors: stim DRG: hyperpnea: exhaling more CO2: dec PCO2 in art blood: dec PCO2 in CSF: reversed carbonic rxn: dec H+ in CSF: eupnea
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Regulation of Lung Ventilation: Acidosis
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H+ content of arterial blood too high -> reduce pH to 7.35
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Acidosis: Respiratory Acidosis
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result from head injuries-abnormal fxn of resp center, or obstruction in airways, or pneumonia (inc H+ & CO2)
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Acidosis: Metabolic Acidosis
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fixed acids added to blood; causes 1.lactic acid from vigorous ex, 2.keto acids from diabetic w/o insulin therapy, 3.problems w/ kidneys: kidney failure
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Response mechanism to Acidosis:
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inc H+ in art blood: stim aortic & carotid chemoreceptors: travel by vagus nerve& glossopharyngeal nerve to DRG: stim/inc lung ventilation: loss of CO2 from blood: dec H+ in art blood *lungs can only dec H+, not completely alleviate acidosis
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Regulation of Lung Ventilation: Hypoxemia
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lack of O2 in arterial blood: stim aortic & carotid chemoreceptors; impt w/ high altitude
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Respiratory fxns of blood:
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1.CO2/O2 transport
2.provides alkaline reserve |
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CO2/O2 transport: partial pressure & diffusion of gases- alveoli
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1 PO2 high: diffuses into blood from alveoli
2.PCO2 low: diffuses from blood to alveoli & exhaled |
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CO2/O2 transport: partial pressure & diffusion of gases- body tissues
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1.PCO2 high: diffuses into blood from tissues
2.PO2 low: diffuses into cells |
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CO2/O2 transport: chemical forms of transported gases- O2
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5% dissolved in plasma/95% combined w/ Hb producing oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
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CO2/O2 transport: chemical forms of transported gases- CO2
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5% dissolves in plasma/ 20% combines w/ HB forming carboxyhemoglobin HbCO2/ 75% HCO3 bicardonate ion
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CO2/O2 transport: Exchange of CO2.O2 content in tissues
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picture
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CO2/O2 transport: Exchange of CO2.O2 content in lungs
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picture; exactly opp of tissues
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Alkaline reserve:
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RBCs produce HCO3-: enters plasma & associates w/ Na+
1.maintenance of blood pH 7.35-7.45 2.maintenance good only up to point- NaHCO3 used up 3.buffer b/c ability to react w/ acids & neutralize them |
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Hypoxia:
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lack of O2 in blood
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Hypoxemia:
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lack of O2 in arterial blood
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Anemic Hypoxia:
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lack of O2 in arterial blood due to abnormal low RBC #, Hb content less than normal, or presence of abnormal Hb
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Stagnant Hypoxia:
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O2 content in arterial blood normal, but dec cardiac output due to tissues not receiving adequate blood supply: not right amount of O2
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Histotoxic Hypoxia:
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low O2 content in arterial blood due to poisons that combine w/ Hb better than O2: carbon monoxide or cyanide
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Chronic Hypoxia:
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chronic lack of O2 in arterial blood; w/ normal indiv this is assoc w/ high altitudes
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Digestive Sys/GI tract/Alimentary Canal: Structures
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mouth: pharynx: stomach: small int: large int: anus
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Digestive Sys/GI tract/Alimentary Canal: Associated glands:
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salivary glands: pancreas: liver
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Digestive Sys/GI tract/Alimentary Canal: Fxns
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1.phys/chem alterations of food into organic nutrients
2.absorption of organic nutrients-salts & water-into blood 3.elimination of solid waste from body |
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Dig Sys: Mouth, Roof
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1.hard palate: anterior portion; made up of portions of maxillary bone & palatine bones; covered by mucous memb
2.soft palate: posterior to hard; made up of skeletal musc, covered by same mucous memb; contains uvula |
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Dig Sys: Mouth,Lateral Borders
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cheeks: made of skeletal musc & skin
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Dig Sys: Mouth, Floor
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made of skeletal musc & covered by mucous memb (tongue just above floor)
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Dig Sys: Mouth, Fauces
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opening b/w oral cavity/mouth & oropharynx; palatine arches slightly b/w the 2 containing palatine tonsils
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Dig Sys: Salivary Glands
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3, all bilateral
1.Parotid Gland 2.Sublingual Gland 3.Submandibular Gland |
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Parotid Gland:
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largest of the 3; anterior to the ear, near angle of mandible; release serous secretion containing enzyme: ptyalin/salivary amylase
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Sublingual Gland:
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found just under tongue; many fine ducts that release mucoserous secretion
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Submandibular Gland:
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posterior to sublingual gland; releases mucous secretion w/ small amount of ptyalin
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Dig Sys: Pharynx
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Throat; 3 connecting regions:
1.Nasopharynx: behind nasal cavity 2.Oropharynx: behind mouth 3.Laryngopharynx: connects to esophagus |
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Dig Sys: Esophagus
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collapsable tube; highly muscular; connects laryngopharynx to stomach
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Esophagus Fxn
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transport food down to stomach
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Esophagus Structure
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4 layers tissues:
1.Tunica Adventitia 2.Tunica Muscularis 3.Tunica Submucosa 4.Tunica Mucosa |
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Esophagus: T. Adventitia
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WFCT; connects esophagus to surrounding tissues
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Esophagus: T. Muscularis
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skeletal & smooth musc; upper 1/3 skeletal (near mouth) & middle 1/3 skel & smooth & lower 1/3 smooth; 2 layers:
1.outer (longitudinal) & 2.inner (circular around lumen) |
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Esophagus: T. Submucosa
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highly vascularized; aereolar tissue; connects muscularis to mucosa
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Esophagus: T. Mucosa
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mucous memb; lines lumen; in direct contact w/ food as travels down esophagus
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Dig Sys: Stomach-Location
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under diaphragm & liver: L hypochondrium & epigastrium
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Dig Sys: Stomach-Divisions
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1.Cardiac region
2.Fundus 3.Body 4.Antrum 5.Pylorus |
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Cardiac Region:
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next to opening where esop enters stomach; circular smooth musc @ entry point-"cardiac sphincter" preventing regurgitation
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Fundus:
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L side of Stomach; blind pouch
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Body:
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below cardiac center & fundus; largest region, where most of acidic material present
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Antrum:
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narrow region below body; funnel-shaped
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Pylorus:
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further narrowing to end @ pyloric sphincter
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Pyloric Sphincter:
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regulates mvmt of stomach contents into duodenum
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Dig Sys: Stomach-Curvatures
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1.greater: L side; adjacent to spleen
2.lesser: R side; adjacent to spleen |
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Dig Sys: Stomach-Layers of tissue
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1.Tunica Serosa
2.Tunica Muscularis 3.Tunica Submucosa 4.Tunica Mucosa |
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Stomach: T. Serosa
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thin memb like, serous memb; outer covering of stomach; embedded w/ fat @ greater & lesser curvatures; @ curvatures ahve memb folds & form double layer: greater omentum
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greater omentum:
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double layer serous memb; embedded w/ fat; begins @ lower stomach & covers abdominal contents
-fxn: provide some insulation to interanl organs |
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Stomach: T. Muscularis
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smooth musc, 3 layers:
1.outer: longitudinal musc, begins @ fundus & extends to pyloris 2.middle: circular musc 3.inner: oblique musc; begins @ lesser curvature & extends to greater curvature |
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Stomahc: T. Submucosa
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vascularized aereolar tissue; connects musc to inner lining of stomach, mucosa
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Stomach: T. Mucosa
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mucous memb; includes gastric glands
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Rugae:
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houses T. Submucosa & Mucosa; as fills w/ food, flattens
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Cell types & secretions associated w/ Gastric Glands:
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1.parietal cells
2.chief cells 3.mucous neck cells |
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parietal cells:
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secrete H+ ions & Cl- ions; when the 2 mix in lumen they form HCl-, giving the stomach the acidic pH; secretes pr: intrinsic factor
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cheif cells:
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pepsinogen
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mucous neck cells:
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secrete mucus to protect stomach walls/lining from HCl-
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Dig Sys: Stomach-Fxns
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1.physically mixes food w/ gastric juices
2.secretes gastric juice: HCl- primarily & pepsin; combo used for chemical digestion 3.secretes special pr: intrinsic factor |
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intrinsic factr:
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required for Vit B12 absorption from food in ileum of small int
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lack of intrinsic factor:
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lack of vit B12 absorption: Vit B12 deficiency: pernicious anemia
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Dig Sys: Small Int
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diameter 1" & life length 6'; located in abdominal cavity; highly coiled; most must be supported by mesentary
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mesentary:
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double layer of visceral peritoneum; attaches small int to posterior body wall (except duodenum)
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Small Int: Divisions
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1.Duodenum
2.Jejunum 3.Ileum |
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Duodenum:
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10" past pyloric sphincter of stomach; Cshaped; part of small int not proteted by mesentary; held in position by WFCT
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Jejunum:
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2' past duodenum; can only distinguish from ileum microscopically by peyers patches
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Ileum:
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3' past jejunum; contains lymphoid tissue: peyers patches; extends, coils around & terminates @ ileo-cecal valve
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ileo-cecal valve:
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connection of ileum & cecum; fxn: regulates mvmt of small int contents into cecum preventing regurgitation back into ileum
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Small Int: Layers of Tissue
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1.Tunica Serosa
2.Tunica Muscularis 3.Tunica Submucosa 4.Tunica Mucosa |
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Small Int: T.Serosa
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outer layer; visibly seen; aka outer visceral peritoneum/serous memb; forms double layer: mesentary- just over the jejunum & ileum
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Small Int: T.Muscularis
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2 layers of smooth muscle: outer (longitudinal; duodenum to ileum) & inner (circular; around lumen)
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Small Int: T.Submucosa
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areolar tissue; contains BVs, LVs & nerves; connects T.Muscularis to inner lining of gut: T. Mucosa
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Small Int: T.Mucosa
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innermost layer; single layer of cells; all cells together make up mucous memb; shape=Villus (finger like projection); villi extend off plicae circularis increasing SA for absorption
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together, T.Submucosa & Mucosa
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form plicae circularis: circular folds w/ fxn of increasing SA of small int
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Structures internal to Villus:
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1.submucosal tissue
2.lacteal: dead end lymph capillary 3.network of blood capillaries around lacteal |
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Depressions b/w Villi:
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crypts of lieberkuhn; aka small intestinal glands; secrete watery fluid; source of mucosal cells; divide & move upward, then differentiate
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Crypts of Leiberkuhn differentiate into:
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1.enterocyte: invovled w/ absorption
2.goblet cell: secrete mucus 3.paneth cells: @ bottom of crypt, secrete enzymes including pepsidases (chem digestion) & lysosomes (kill bac) |
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Small Int: Fxns
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1.complete chem dig
2.absorption of dig end products; absorbs vit, water, salts 3.specific endocrine cells in duodenum regulate dig process |
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Dig Sys: Large Int-Divisions
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1.Cecum
2.Colon 3.Rectum |
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Large Int: Cecum
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blind pouch; connect to ileum & colon; extension of cecum=appendix found in LR abdominal quadrant
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Large Int: Colon
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1.ascending colon
2.transverse colon 3.descending colon 4.sigmoid colon |
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ascending colon:
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found on R lateral side of abdominal cavity; ascends from cecum to liver & makes 90 degree turn: hepatic flexure & leads to transverse colon
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transverse colon:
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begins @ liver, extends horizontally to spleen, makes another 90 degree turn: spleenic flexure, & leads to descending colon
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descending colon:
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extends from spleen to iliac crest & makes S curve of sigmoid colon
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sigmoid colon:
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bringing us into pelvic cavity; end of sigmoid colon=end of colon & attachment of rectum
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Large Int: Rectum
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sigmoid colon connects to rectum in pelvic cavity; 10" long; reservoir for fecal material; connects to anal canal
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anal canal
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connects rectum to outside of body; @ terminal portion, 2 sphincter musc:
1.internal anal sphincter: smooth musc/involuntary 2.external anal sphincter: skeletal musc/voluntary |
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Large Int: Layers of Tissues
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1.Tunica Serosa
2.Tunica Muscularis 3.Tunica Submucosa 4.Tunica Mucosa |
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Large Int: T.Serosa
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outer layer; visceral peritoneum; forms mesentary
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Large Int: T.Muscularis
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2 layers: outer (longitudinal); 3 strips of smooth muscle: Taenia coli; begins @ cecum & extends to sigmoid colon; shorter in length than entire colon, creating pouches: haustrae & inner: (Circular) around lumen
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Large Int: T.Submucosa
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same as small int, but reduction in amount of LVs
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Large Int: T.Mucosa
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single layer of cells including Goblet cells; no villi; no crypts of leiberkuhn; inner surface is smooth
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Large Int: Fxns
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1.absorption of H2O: causes deep compaction of fecal material
2.absorption of VitB complex & VitK from source: bacteria living in colon & producing vit's 3.elimination of feces from body |
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Large Int: Ancillary Organs
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structures that participate in dig sys & other fxns
1.Liver 2.Gall Bladder & assoc ducts 3.Pancreas |
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Liver:
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largest gland in the body; 3-4 pounds in aduult
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Liver: Location
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R hypochodrium & epigastrium (superficial abdominal area)
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Liver: External Structure
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4 lobes; Falciform Ligament divides liver into R/L lobes
1.Anterior side: R lobe & L lobe 2.Posterior Side: sub lobes of R lobe: R lobe proper, Quadrate Lobe, Caudate lobe, L lobe proper |
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Liver: Blood Supply
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2 sources:
1.Hepatic Artery->sinusoids->Hepatic veins 2.Hepatic Portal Vein->sinusoids->Hepatic veins *arterial blood mixed with venous blood |
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basic unit of liver fxn:
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liver lobule
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Liver: Tissues Structure
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1.central vein: in center of lobule
2.peripheral structures: Liver Triads, including a.hepatic artery branches b.hepatic portal vein branches c.interlobular bile ducts |
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Liver: Tissues Structure (cont)
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3.liver sinusoids: connect branches of hep art & hep partal vein to central vein
4.hepatocytes: exist in flat plates; a.pressed up a/g sinusoids b. extend like wheel spokes from central vein to lobule edge c.find kupfer cells here (macrophages) d.act as bld cap 5.bile canaliculi |
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bile canaliculi:
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dead end tubes; begin near central vein, cross lobule, fuse w/ interlobular bile ducts; flow from center to periphery; carry bile
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Gall Bladder:
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blind sac located in Quadrate lobe; fxn: store bile from liver
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Gall Bladder: Associated Ducts
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1.Hepatic Duct
2.Cystic Duct 3.Common Bile Duct |
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Hepatic Duct:
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formed by the fusion of interlobular bile ducts; emerges from R side of liver
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Cystic Duct:
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emerges directly from gall bladder
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Hepatic & Cystic duct fuse together to form:
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common bile duct; duct of wirsung/pancreatic duct fuses w/ CBD & enters duodenum; bile released & pancreas secretions here
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Liver: Fxns
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1.Intermediary Metabolism
2.Storage 3.Synthesis of various compunds 4.Secretion 5.Excretion |
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Liver: Intermediary Metabolism
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1.glycogenesis: glucose -> glycogen
2.glycogenolysis: glycogen-> glucose 3.gluconeogenesis: aa & fatty acids -> glucose (80% in liver & 20% in kidneys) |
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Liver: Storage
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1.GLycogen: stored as glucose in reserve
2.Bile: prod in liver/stored in gall bladder 3.vitamins: fat soluble (ADEK) & water soluble (VitBcomplex & B12) 4.iron |
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Liver: Synthesis
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1.plasma proteins:
2.bile: 3.heparin: blood anticoagulant |
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plasma proteins:
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albumin, alpha globulins, beta 1&2 globulins, prothrombin, fibrinogen, other blood proteins involved w/ coagulation, angiotensinogen
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bile:
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composite of chem compounds: bile salts, cholesterol, bile pigments (synthesized form HB of dead RBCs), billrubin (pigment in bile that colors poop)
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Liver: Secretion
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1.bile salts: digestive rxns in bile
2.bile pigments: waste products (enter duodenum & flushed out w/ waste/fecal material) |
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Liver: Excretion
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1.Kupfer cells:
2.excretion of bile pigments into feces 3.detoxification of harmful material to non-harmful materials & lost thru urine 4.produces urea thru pr catabolism & lost in urine 5.nucleic acids catabolism->uric acid-> lost in urine *all help maintain homeostasis |
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Kupfer cells:
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monitor blood coming thru sinusoids & macrophagic-like w/ old RBCs, bacteria, cell debris (phagocytosis)
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Pancreas:
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fish shaped organ
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Pancreas: Location
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head @ C portion of duodenum; tail extends to spleen
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Pancreas: Duct of Wirsung
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main duct of pancreas; fxn: deliver inactive digestive enzymes & chemicals: NaHCO3 to duodenum
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Pancreas: Secretions
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1.exocrine: comes from gland w/ duct
2.endocrine: released into blood directly, no duct involved |
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Pancreas: Exocrine Secretions
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1.trysinogen 2.chymotripsinogen 3.carboxypeptidase 4.pancreatic amylase 5.pancreatic lipase 6.RNA-ase 7.DNA-ase 8.elastase
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Pancreas: Endocrine Secretions
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islet of langerhans; 2 cells: alpha cells make & secrete glucagon & beta cells make & secrete insulin
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Physical & Chemical Dig: Mouth
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1.Mastication
2.Starch Dig 3.Deglutition |
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Mouth: Mastication
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chewing; breaks down food into smaller units -> mixed w/ saliva -> form clumps: bolus
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Mouth: Starch Dig
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starch (pH 7.0) in food -> mixed w/ salivary amylase -> form maltose (disacc)
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Mouth: Deglutition
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swallowing; physical aspect of digestion; different phases: form bolus -> sent to oropharynx ->pharyngeal musc in throat contract -> sends bolus into esophagus -> bolus moves to stomach by peristalsis
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Physical & Chemical Dig: Stomach
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1.Gastric Glands & secreted gastric juices
2.Smooth Musc Contractions |
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Stomach: Gastric Glands secrete gastric juices:
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1.HCl-
2.Pepsinogen 3.Renin |
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HCl-
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germicide-kills bac present in food; activates pepsinogen into pepsin for dig; gives stomach acidic pH (1-3) in order to allow pepsin to carry out dig
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Pepsinogen
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inactive form of pepsin
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Renin
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found in infants only, HCl takes over w/ age; curdles milk into semisolid material
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Stomach: Smooth Musc Contractions
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1.Trituration
2.Peristalsis |
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Stomach: Trituration
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stomach musc in 3 layers & allow for churning mvmts: decrease physical size of food stuffs & mix food w/ fastric juices
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Stomach: Peristalsis
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moves contents of stomach (chyme)into small intestine
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Small Int: Chem Dig
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acidic chyme has entered duodenum &
1.alkaline juice from pancreas released 2.protein digestion 3.starch dig 4.lipid dig 5.succus entericus |
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alkaline juice from pancreas released:
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into duodenum; contains inactive enzymes & NaHCO3; pH=8, so neutralizes acidic chyme; provides env for other enzymes
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Small Int: Pr Dig
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1.enteropeptidase: found on surface of villi in duodenum; trypsinogen -> in presence of enteropeptidase -> piece knocked off & trypsin formed
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Pr Dig rxns:
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pr in chyme in small int, proteoses & peptone -> mix w/ trypsin, chymotrypsin, NaHCO3 (pH 8), & --> break down to smaller peptides
*pr not completely digested |
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Small Int: Starch Dig
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starch -> NaHCO3, pancreatic amylase -> maltose
*starch not completely digested |
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Small Int: Lipid Dig
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fats-> gall bladder secreted bile reacts w/ fat & emulsifies fat -> pancreatic lipase, in presence of NaHCO3 breaks down fat into fatty acids, glycerol & monoglycerides
*completely digested |
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Small Int: Succus Entericus
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watery fluid from small intestinal glands & enzymes (extending off villi); enzymes include:
1.peptidases 2.carbohydrases |
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peptidases:
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peptides-> mix w/ peptidases, NaHCO3 -> break down into aa*
*end product of pr dig |
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carbohydrases:
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1.maltose -> mixed w/ maltase -> glucose
2.lactose -> mixed w/ lactase -> glucose & galactose 3.sucrose -> mixed w/ sucrase -> glucose & fructose |
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Small Int: mvmts
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1.segmental contractions
2.Peristalsis |
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Small Int: Segmental Contractions
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for mixing chyme in small int; region contracts & stops -> other adjacent regions contract ...
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Small Int: Peristalsis
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propulsive mvmt of chyme from small int to large int occurring in sequence; moving ring of contractions in spurts/ not constant
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Chemical Dig in small int complete, and now:
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Absorption
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Small Int: Absorption
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1.simple sugars, amino acids, 10-20% fatty acids/glycerol/monosacc. --> all absorbed into capillaries of villus (now in blood)
2. 80-90% fatty acids/glycerol/monosacc. enter villus & resynthesized into fat |
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resynthesized into fat:
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fat attaches to pro (fat-pr complex: chylomicrons) -> absorbed into lacteals -> lymphatics -> into blood
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Large Int:
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gains indigestible wastes from small int: mainly cellulose & bacteria
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Large Int: Muscular Mvmts
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same exactly as small int: segmentation-> peristalsis -> moving wastes to rectum
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Large Int: Water Absorption
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along way, absorb water in ascending colon
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Large Int: Vitamin Absorption
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VitB complex & VitK reabsorbed here
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Large Int: Defecation
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elimination of solid wastes;
1.contents from sigmoid colon -> rectum & stretch receptors stimulated @ rectum 2.nerve impulses sent to spinal cord & from spinal cord motor impulses sent back to rectum: contraction of smooth musc & relaxation of int anal sphincter 3.abdominal musc contract & put pressure on rectum & poop |
