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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What bacteria can weaken the mucus lining of the stomach and cause ulcers?
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Helicobacter pylori
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True or False: Some nurtients are absorbed in the stomach.
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False
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By the time food leaves the stomach, about what percentage of protein digestion has been completed?
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20%
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What are some things that can be absorbed in the stomach and weaken its mucus lining?
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alcohol
aspirin NSAIDs |
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True or False: There is a treatment for stomach ulcers caused by H. pylori.
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True
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Is the head of the pancreas located near the duodenum or the spleen?
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duodenum
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Is the tail of the pancreas located near the duodenum or the spleen?
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spleen
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What is the pancreas located in relation to the stomach?
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behind and below the stomach
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What basic types of enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?
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amylases
proteases lipases nucleases |
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What do the duct cells of the pancreas secrete?
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bicarbonate
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Which cells in the pancreas secrete bicarbonate?
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duct cells
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What do the acinar cells of the pancreas secrete?
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digestive enzymes
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Which cells in the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes?
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acinar cells
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Are the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas responsible for endocrine or exocrine function?
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endocrine
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Is the secretion of pancreatic juice an endocrine or exocrine function?
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exocrine
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What hormones are secreted by the pancreas, and what specific cell secretes each one?
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glucagon by α cells
insulin by β cells somatostatin by δ cells |
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Where does the pancreatic duct open into the duodenum?
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ampulla opens into the duodenum through the sphincter of Oddi
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True or False: Acinar cells do not contain ER.
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False - lots of ER for protein synthesis
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What is the purpose of the bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas?
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neutralizes acidic chyme to provide optimal environment for pancreatic enzymes
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Why are pancreatic proteolytic enzymes released as zymogens?
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the active form would eat away at the pancreas
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Which organ secretes the lipases that digest fat?
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pancreas
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True or False: Pancreatic amylase breaks polysaccharides down to monosaccharides.
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False - only down to disaccharides
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What proteolytic enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?
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trypsinogen
chymotrypsinogen procarboxypeptidase |
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Where are pancreatic zymogens activated?
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duodenum
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Which enzyme is directly activated by enteropeptidase?
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trypsinogen
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True or False: Trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.
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True
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Does cholecystokinin (CCK) induce pancreatic juice that is rich in enzymes or bicarbonate?
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enzymes
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Does secretin induce pancreatic juice that is rich in enzymes or bicarbonate?
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bicarbonate
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Is the secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice induced by cholecystokinin (CCK) or secretin?
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cholecystokinin (CCK)
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Is the secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice induced by cholecystokinin (CCK) or secretin?
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secretin
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Is cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion induced by acidic or fatty chyme in the duodenum?
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fatty chyme
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Is secretin secretion induced by acidic or fatty chyme in the duodenum?
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acidic chyme
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Does fatty chyme in the duodenum induce secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) or secretin?
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cholecystokinin (CCK)
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Does acidic chyme in the duodenum induce secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) or secretin?
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secretin
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Are the functions of the liver primarily endocrine or exocrine?
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exocrine
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What hormone is secreted by the liver?
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insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
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What is the function of bile?
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emulsifies fat so lipases can act on the smaller fat particles
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What are the functions of the liver?
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metabolic processing of nutrients
detoxification and degradation of body wastes, hormones, and drugs synthesis of plasma proteins storage of glycogen, fats, iron, copper, and many vitamins activation of vitamin D removal of bacteria and worn-out red blood cells excretion of cholesterol and bilirubin |
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What vessel supplies the liver with oxygenated blood?
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hapatic artery
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What vessel brings blood to the liver for processing and storage of newly absorbed nutrients?
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hepatic portal vein
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What vessel carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava?
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hepatic vein
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What are the sinusoids in the liver?
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modified capillaries that carry blood from the hepatic portal vein to the portal vein
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What are the Kupffer cells in the liver?
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macrophages that break down bacteria and worn out cells
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What are the capillaries in the liver that carry blood from the hepatic portal vein to the hepatic vein?
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sinusoids
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What are the structures in hepatocytes that send bile to the bile duct?
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canaliculi
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What is the function of the canaliculi in hepatocytes?
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send bile to the bile duct
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Which organ stores and concentrates bile?
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gall bladder
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What is the function of the gall bladder?
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stores and concentrates bile
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What causes gall stones to form?
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overconcentration of bile in the gall bladder
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What results from overconcentration of bile in the gall bladder?
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gall stones
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True or False: A person can survive without a gallbladder.
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True
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True or False: Bile only flows through the cystic duct from the gall bladder to the common bile duct?
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False - it has two-way flow
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What does bile consist of?
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bile salts
cholesterol lecithin bilirubin |
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What component of bile gives it its pigment?
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bilirubin
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What is bilirubin a waste product of?
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heme
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Will a high fat meal decrease or increase the release of bile from the gall bladder into the duodenum?
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increase
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Will a low fat meal decrease or increase the release of bile from the gall bladder into the duodenum?
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decrease
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What is a common symptom of not having a properly functioning gall bladder?
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steatorrhea
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What are bile salts derived from?
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cholesterol
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What does entero-hepatic recycling refer to?
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biles salts participate in fat digestion and absorption, then get reabsorbed in the blood and brought back to the liver
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How does fiber help lower the amount of cholesterol in blood?
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it prevents bile salts from being recycled back to the liver
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In which organ does most of digestion and absorption take place?
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small intestine
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Why is the function of the ileocecal valve?
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prevents the bacteria of the large intestine from growing into the small intestine
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What is the main function of the large intestine?
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absorption of water and electrolytes
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Which organ is responsible for absorption of water and electrolytes?
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large intestine
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What are the structural modifications of the small intestine wall that increase its surface area?
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plicae circulares - folds of mucosa & submucosa
villi - fingerlike extensions of mucosa microvilli - tiny projections off mucosal cell plasma membrane |
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What is Celiac disease?
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villi & microvilli of the small intestine are blunted, so there is decreased surface area resulting in malabsorption & dehydration
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What disease is caused by blunting of the villi and microvilli of the small intestine?
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Celiac disease (gluten allergy)
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What enzymes act within the brush-border membrane of the epithelial cells of the small intestine?
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enterokinase - activates trypsinogen to trypsin
disaccharidases - such as lactase, sucrase, malase aminopeptidases - breaks short peptides down to amino acids |
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What is the primary method of motility in the small intestine?
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segmentation
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What are the pacemaker cells that initiate the basic electrical rhythm of segmentation in the small intestine?
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Cajal cells
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What is the function of the migrating motility complex of the small intestine?
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sweeps intestines clean between meals
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What kind of movement sweeps the intestines clean between meals?
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migrating motility complex
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What is the turnover rate for the lining of the small intestine?
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3 days
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What only gets absorbed in the ileum?
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vitamin B12
bile salts |
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Where in the small intestine does most of the absorption occur?
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duodenum & jejunum
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Do the products of fat digestion get absorbed into the blood stream or lymph?
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lymph
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True or False: Bile salts are enzymes.
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False
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Do the products of carbohydrate and protein digestion get absorbed into the blood stream or lymph?
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blood stream
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How much do the plicae circularis increase the surface area of the small intestine?
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3x
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How much do the villi increase the surface area of the small intestine?
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10x
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How much do the microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine?
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20x
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Plicae circularis, villi, and microvilli collectively increase the surface area of the small intestine by how much?
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600x
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What are lacteals?
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lymphatic vessels in the small intestine
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What are the lymphatic vessels in the small intestine called?
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lacteals
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Is glucose absorbed in the small intestine by facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport?
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secondary active transport
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Is fructose absorbed in the small intestine by facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport?
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facilitated diffusion
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What kind of transporter brings glucose into the cells of the small intestine?
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symport (Na+/glucose transporter)
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True or False: Small peptides can be absorbed in the small intestine.
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True - this can cause allergic reactions
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Are amino acids absorbed in the small intestine by facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport?
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secondary active transport
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What stimulates pancreatic secretion of lipase?
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cholecystokinin (CCK)
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Are fatty acids absorbed in the small intestine by passive diffusion or secondary active transport?
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passive diffusion
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What do chylomicrons consist of?
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triglycerides and lipoproteins
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True or False: After entering the small intestine, fatty acids are synthesized into triglycerides in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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True
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In which organelle are chylomicrons formed?
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golgi apparatus
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Are nucleic acids absorbed in the small intestine by facilitated diffusion or active transport?
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active transport
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Does iron absorption require an acidic or basic environment?
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acidic
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What regulates Ca2+ absorption?
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vitamin D & parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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What do vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) both regulate?
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Ca2+ absorption
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What percentage of ingested iron gets absorbed in the small intestine?
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10%
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What gives the liver a red color?
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iron
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True or False: Iron toxicity can be caused by young children chewing too many Flintstone's vitamins.
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True
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What is the name of the enzyme that brings iron into the blood?
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transferrin
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What is the name of the enzyme that stores iron in the small intestine?
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ferritin
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True or False: Rice contains gluten.
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False
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Which hormone can stimulate opening of the ileocecal valve?
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gastrin
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What are the unique features of the large intestine?
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teniae coli
haustra epiploic appendages |
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What are the three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the large intestine called?
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tenia coli
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What are the pocketlike sacs in the large intestine called?
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Haustra
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What are the fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum in the large intestine called?
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epiploic appendages
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What is tenia coli?
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three bands of smooth muscle in the large intestine
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What are epiploic appendages?
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fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum in the large intestine
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What are Haustra?
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pocketlike sacs in the large intestine
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What results from lack of Haustral contractions in the large intestine?
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constipation
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What is the main form of motility in the large intestine?
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Haustral contractions
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Is tissue more permeable in the large intestine or small intestine?
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small intestine
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What is the most common lethal genetic disease in the United States?
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cystic fibrosis
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Is cystic fibrosis autosomally dominant or recessive?
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recessive
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How common is cystic fibrosis?
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1 in 2,500 births
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How does cystic fibrosis affect the gastrointestinal system?
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abnormal secretion by pancreas and salivary glands
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What is meconium ileus?
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- inability to secrete Cl- in response to cAMP or Ca2+ secretagogues
- abnormal secretion of mucopolysaccharides |
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Cystic fibrosis heterozygotes are more resistant to what infections?
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cholera and typhoid fever
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What does the cholera toxin cause?
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profuse secretion and diarrhea due to increased intracellular cAMP level
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True or False: A person can survive without the colon.
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True
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What hormone can initiate the gastrocolic reflex?
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gastrin
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Which reflex is very evident in young children, and also sometimes after the first meal of the day in adults?
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gastrocolic reflex
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What does the defecation reflex cause?
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internal anal sphincter relaxes
rectum & sigmoid colon contract more vigorously |
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What initiates the defecation reflex?
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stimulation of stretch receptors in the rectal wall by distension
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What are the functions of the bacterial flora in the large intestine?
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prevent colonization of harmful bacteria
ferment indigestible carbohydrates synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K |
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What is the major function of the large intestine?
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propulsion of fecal matter toward the anus
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What kind of muscle is the internal anal sphincter made of?
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smooth muscle
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What kind of muscle is the external anal sphincter made of?
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skeletal muscle
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Does cholecystokinin (CCK) cause contraction or relaxation of the gall bladder?
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contraction
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Does cholecystokinin (CCK) cause contraction or relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi?
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relaxation
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What is the effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1)?
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stimulate insulin secretion and decrease glucagon secretion from the pancreas
also inhibits gastric emptying |
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Describe how carbohydrates get broken down to monosaccharides.
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1. Polysaccharides are broken down to disaccharides by salivary and pancreatic amylase in the mouth and small intestine
2. Disaccharides are broken down to monosaccharides by disaccharidases in the small intestine |
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Describe how proteins get broken down to amino acids.
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1. Proteins are broken down to peptide fragments by pepsin in the stomach
2. Peptide fragments are broken down to smaller fragments by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase from the pancreas in the small intestine 3. Peptide fragments are broken down to amino acids by aminopeptidases in the small intestine |
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Describe how fats get broken down to fatty acids and monoglycerides.
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1. Fats are emulsified by bile salts from the liver in the small intestine
2. Emulsified fats are broken down to fatty acids and monoglyceride by lipases from the pancreas in the small intestine |
