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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is pharmacokinetics |
a branch of pharmacology that loos at the effect of the body on a drug -quantitative description of drug disposition |
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what is a drug? |
anything that is not normally found in the body -changes the composition of something |
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drug disposition curve basics |
-quantitative description of the drug -amount of drug in the blood at a given time -used to find how much drug you should give to an animal |
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what are the four parts of a drug disposition curve? |
1. absorption: will it get into the blood/ how fast 2.distribution: where will it go 3. metabolism: will it get broken down 4. Elimination: will it stay in the body/ how long |
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what are the two ways to administer drugs? |
-enteral: utilizing the GI tract (oral, sublingual or rectal) -pareteral: not utilizing the GI tract (injections) |
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intradermal |
under the skin |
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subcutaneous |
into the subcutaneous tissue |
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IV bolus |
rapid injection (large dose all at once) |
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IV drip |
slow and steady infusion |
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intrathecal |
into the cerebral spinal fluid |
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epidural |
into the epidural save just outside of the thecal space |
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relative rates of drug absorption |
IV>IM>SQ>oral |
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relative rates of drug duration |
oral>SQ>IM>IV |
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MTC |
maximum tolerated concentratoin |
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MEC |
minimal effective concentration |
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c max |
peak concentration of the drug in the blood |
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theraputic range |
range in which a drug will work |
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what is extra label drug use |
using a drug on a species that its not meant for -not illegal |
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problem with extra label drug use |
microbial resistance
-blood stays below the MEC longer than normal allowing more time for the microbes to react |
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pericytes |
contractile cells that wrap around endothelial cells that line capillaries and venules -first layer of protection against things crossing the BBB |
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astrocytes |
glial cells in the brain that biochemically support endothelial cells that form the BBB |
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blood brain barrier |
highly selectively semipermeable barrier that separates the blood from the brain extracellular fluid in the CNS |
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what forms the BBB |
endothelial cells and tight junction |
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what are the three types of capillaries |
1. continuous: complete basal lamina and complete endothelial lining (skin, lungs, muscle, CNS) 2. fenestrated: complete basal lamina with fenestrated endothelial lining (secretory tissues) 3. discontinuous: imcomplete basal lamina with fenestrated endothelial lining (how RBC move) |
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drugs dissolved in a oil carrier are |
hydrophobic and lipophyllic -have a double half life |
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drugs dissolved in a water carrier are |
hydrophillic and lipophobic -leave the body easy -vitamin D |
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where do drugs go to be biotransformed in the body? |
liver |
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dose response curve |
S shaped curve with a linear portion that represents the point where the drug is working with a small change in dosage but large change in response (ED, LD, TD) -threshold: part where concentration is rising |
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what physiological changes could cause the dr curve to shift? |
-illness -pregnancy -stress |
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effective does curve |
dose at which a certain precentage of the animals will respond |
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ED |
equipotent dose -does at which the animals will respond |
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TD |
toxic dose -dosage that will make animals ill but not die |
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LD |
lethal dose -does that will kill a certain percentage of the animals |
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theraputic dose equations |
TD/ED |
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what are bones made out of? |
1/3 osteo tissue (organic matter) 2/3 minerals (calcium and phosphorus) |
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Birds differences |
1. orbit 2. jaw bone gives rise to the beak 3. birds have more cervical vertebrae for flexibility 4. urogial gland for preening 5. notorium (fusion of the thoracic vertebrae) 6. pectoral girdle (furcula+coracoid+sternum) 7. criss crossing ribs 8. fused phalanx bones 9. open pelvis 10. hallow bones |
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functions of bone |
1. support 2. movement (muscle attachment) 3. hemopoiesis 4. mineral reservoir 5. protection |
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cortex of bone |
outside part -compact bone -contains the haversian canals and osteon system |
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medulla of bone |
inside part -spongy bone that makes RBC |
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tribecula |
webbing inside of the medulla that makes RBC -can breakdown over time to form a medially cavity |
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intraosseous infusion |
puncturing bone to give saline because there is really good blow flow in the bone |
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osteon |
haversin canals + concentric rings -blood vessels run up and down them to get good blood flow in bones |
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lamellae |
thin plate that is wrapped around the haversian canals to form concentric rings that make up osteons |
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lacune |
small spaces (lakes) inside of the lamellae that house osteocytes |
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canilliculi |
small pathways that have no blood in them only nutrient that is being carried to the osteocytes in the lacunae |
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periosteum |
lines the outer edge of compact bone |
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endosteum |
connective tissue that lines the inner edge of cancellous bone |
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how do long bones grow |
-length -diameter |
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osteoblast |
sit under the periosteum and lay new bone as it needs and in the endosteum but those are dormant until fracture |
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osteocytes |
osteoblast that were captured as bone grew over them and now they sit in the lacunae -have GAGS (proteins) that stick out of them and create the organic part of bone |
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osteoclast |
multicellular cells that sit under the endosteum and releases enzymes that demineralize bone to release Ca and P -trims away the inner edge of compact bone |
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long bone |
movement -femer |
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short bone |
cushions complex joints -tarsus |
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flat bone |
protection and hemopoiesis -skull, ribs, scapula |
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sesamoid bone |
changes the direction of ligament and tendons in joints -patella |
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pneumatic |
phonation/ light weight skull -frontal bone |
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irregular |
muscle attachment/ protection of spinal cord -vertebrae |
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epiphysis |
flared out part at the end of the bone |
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epiphyseal plate |
growth plate that continuously adds cartilage -sits right at the base of the epiphysis |
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metaphysis |
short stubby part between the epiphysis and the diaphysis |
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diaphysis |
shaft of the bone -has medially cavitys |
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chondrocytes |
only cells found in cartilage that produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix that consists of mainly collegen and proteoglycans |
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diploe |
cancellous bone in the skull and other flat bones that are crucial for hemopoesis (RBC production) |
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what hormones regulate bone? |
-PTH -Estrogen -Calcitonin |
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osteoporosis |
loss of bone mass (mineral content) -causes bones to become fragile |
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osteomalacia |
loss of bone material related to vitamin D deficiency |
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what are the types of ossification |
1. endochondral: replacing cartilage and hardening into bone (growth plate) 2. intramembraneous: activating osteoblast 3. heteroplasic: bone outside of the skeleton (os penis) |
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what are the types of fractures |
1. greenstick: fracture on one side and bent on the other 2. complete: break all the way through 3. epiphyseal: break in the growth plate 4. comminuted: broken into a ton of pieces |
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simple vs open fracture |
refers to the skin over the break -open: bone is sticking out -simple: skin is intacted |
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process of healing a fracture |
1. break 2. bleeding around the break that will form a blood clot 3. callus is formed from calcification of the clot by the osteoblast laying down new bone 4. osteoclast will come and trim down the new bone |
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functions of the kidneys |
1. excretory 2. regulatory 3. endocrine |
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kidney anatomy |
-paired, bean shaped organs that sit on each side of the aorta -not symmetric in placement -consists of two ureters, the bladder and the urethra |
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hillus |
blood vessels that come in and out of the kidney -where the arteries/ nerves enter and the ureter/ veins/ lymphatic vessels leave |
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what does being close to the aorta do to the kidney? |
causes it to have very high pressure |
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capsule |
tough outer covering |
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cortex of the kidney nephron |
tubular part of the kidney nephron |
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medulla of the kidney nephron |
loop of henle part |
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pelvis of the kidney |
inner most part of the kidney that fills with urine and flows into the ureter |
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are there valves in the kidney |
no, the whole thing is controlled by pressure |
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nephron |
the functional unit of the kidney |
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bowmens capsule |
spherical structure at the beginning of the nephron that completely surrounds the first capillary bed -2 cells layers (visceral and parietal) |
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what type of capillaries are commonly found in the kindey |
fenestrated
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glomerulus |
MAJOR SITE OF FILTRATION long single tube that is connected to bowmen capsule -collects watery part of blood |
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podacytes |
cells of the inner layer of bowmens capsule that have cellular extensions (finger like pediacels) that cover the fenestrated capillaries and permit the passage of filtrate |
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what does get filtered in the glomerulus |
salt,glucose, albumen, nitrogen, water, amino acids |
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what doesn't get filtered in the glomerulus |
large plasma cells, RBC, platelets |
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why is filtration so easy in the glomerulus? |
-high pressure from the aortas -fenestrated capillaries -shared basal lamina is the only between the capillaries and glomerulus lumen |
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PCT |
longest of the tubules and is highly convoluted -makes up the renal cortex -active transport of toxins from blood into the lumen (close to the second capillary bed) -a ton of water, glucose, amino acids, chlorine and bicarbonate reabsorption |
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loop of henle |
nephron segments found in the medulla -striations |
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descending loop of henle |
pumps out water into the medulla of the kidneys to concentrate urine (top thick part) -then there is the section that does not have any pumps but theres water and salt movement through passive transfer |
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ascending loop of henle |
impermeable to water but sodium is still being pumped out making the urine very concentrated |
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DCT |
continuation of the thick part of the ascending loop of henle
-continues to let more salt out into the blood |
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collecting duct |
water goes back out into the blood so only a small amount remains |
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JGA |
juxtaglomerular apparatus -composed of JG and macula densa cells that line the DCT and monitor kidney filtration |
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steps of JGA |
1. macula dense cells stimulate JG cells to release renin when filtration rate is low 2. renin cleave angiotensinogen and makes it into angiotensin 1 3. Angio 1 goes through the lungs where the enzyme ace converts it into angiotensin 2 which will stimulate more filtration |
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angiotensin II |
-increases BP to stimulate more filtration -stimulate the adrenal cortex to make more aldosterone that will stimulate more sodium resorption -stimulate the PP to release ADH that will act on the collecting duct to make them release more water into the blood |
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endocrine functions |
-maintain internal homeostasis -support cell growth -coordinate development and reproduction -facilitates responses to external stimuli |
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endocrine gland |
invading epithelia grow deeper and get pinched off that will begin secreting hormones |
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what are the four classes of hormones? |
1. amines 2. steroids 3. peptides 4. Eicosanoids |
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amines |
made of one amino acid (form of tyrosine) -T3 and T4 |
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polypeptide/ protein |
made of many amino acids -insulin -oxytocin -ADH -moe of them |
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steroid |
made from cholestoral -cortisol -aldosterone |
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Functions of the hypothalamus |
1. temperature control 2. water balance 3. cardiovascular activity (HR+resistance) 4. feeding behavior 5. control of anterior pituitary 6. milk letdown 7. rage |
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neurohypophysis |
posterior pituitary |
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adenohypophysis |
anterior pituitary |
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sella tunica |
boney seat for the pituitary gland |
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how dis the pituitary gland form |
neural tissue that dropped down and was pinched off |
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hormone sequence in the PP |
1. neurotransmitter hits somas in the hypothalamus that will make a hormone instead of another AP 2. hormone travels down the axons into the PP where it acts on endocrine tissue and makes a different hormone that is released into a capillary bed |
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oxytocin |
-polypeptide -made in the hypothalamus (rel. in PP) -smooth muscle cotractions in uterus and mammary gland (milk letdown) -controlled by neural stimulation -receptors on the mamma glands, uterus and heart |
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what are the two PP hormones |
oxytocin and ADH |
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
-polypeptide -hypothalamus (rel. from PP) -decreases urine production by causing water resorption (holes in collect duct) and constricts blood vessels -controlled by Angio 2 -receptors on DCT and collecting duct |
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how was the AP formed |
outpouching of the mouth (rathkes pouch) that was pinched off and became glandular |
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AP hormone release process |
1. stimulation of nerves in hypothalamus 2. somas make hormones and secrete it into the 1st capillary bed 3. travels down the portal veins and acts on endocrine tissue in the AP 4. endocrine tissue makes another hormone and it is released into the 2nd capilary bed |
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what is the benefit of a portal system? |
allows hormones to remain more concentrated |
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Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) |
-polypeptide (44aa) -made in the hypothalamus -causes the release of GH from the AP after neural stimulation -receptors on somatatrophs |
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growth hormone (GH) (somatotropin) |
-polypeptide -made in the somatotrophs in the AP -directly acts on fat cells causing them to breakdown and release energy --indirectly acts on liver to make IGF-1 --muscle and bone growth -receptors on muscle and bones |
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thyroid gland |
-two lobes connected by an isthmus that sit in the throat near the trachea -have a ton of follicles that contain thyroglobulin -enlarge easily |
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thyroglobulin |
stores MIT and DIT needed to make T3 and T4 |
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T3/T4 |
-amines -made by the thyrocytes in the thyroid gland -increases metabolism, heat production, glucose uptake, and protein and cholesterol synthesis -controlled by TSH levels -receptors on cells in the hypothalamus that make TRH (negative FB) |
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Thyrotropin Releasing hormone (TRH) |
-polypeptide (3 aa) -made in the hypothalamus -stimulates the release of TSH from AP -controlled by negative FB from T3/T4 -receptors on thyrotrophs |
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Thyroid stimulating hornome (TSH) (thyrotropin) |
-dimeric polypeptide -made in the thryotrophs in the AP -stimulate secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid -controlled by TRH -receptors on the thyrocytes |
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hyperthyroidism |
too much T3 and T4 in the blood and instead of antibodies killing them they bind to TSH receptors and stimulate more to be produced -very active, hyper, bulging eyes |
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hypothyroidism |
low thyroid activity due to either not enough tSH or thyroid not responding -sleepy, fat and have myxedema |
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goiter |
swelling of the thyroid gland and neck seen in people with hypo/hyper thyroidism -TSH is super high trying to increase T3 and T4 but its not working -low iodine in diet |
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gitrogens |
drugs/ things that interfere with T4 production |
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parathyroid gland |
small islands of endocrine tissue (follicles) with/ around the thyroid -2 pairs (4 total) -respond to low Ca levels in the blood |
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what would happen if you were to remove a dogs parathyroid gland? |
he would be Ca deficient and would be weak and have tremors |
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Calcitonin |
-polypeptide (32aa) -made by the C-cells (parafollicular) -increases Ca excretion in urine when its too high -mineralizes bone via stimulation of osteoblast -controlled by Ca levels -receptors in the kidneys and bones |
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
-polypeptide -made by the chief cells in the parathyroid -causes Ca resorption to increase, activates vitamin D and stimulates osteoclast to breakdown bone -responds to low Ca levels -receptors in the kidneys and bones |
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aldosterone |
-steroid (mineral corticoid) -made in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex -turns on sodium pumps in the DCT to increase water and salt resorption and increase K excretion -controlled by Angio II -receptors in the DCT and collecting duct |
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glucocorticoids |
steroid hormones that function in regulation of metabolism -cortisol |
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Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) |
-polypeptide (41aa) -made in the hypothalamus -stimulates the AP to make and release ACTH -controlled by negative FB of cortisol -receptors on corticotrophs |
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Adrenocorticotropin releasing hormone (ACTH) |
-polypeptide -made in the cortiocotrophs of the AP -causes the release of cortisol from the fasiculata of the adrenal cortex -controlled by CRH -receptors are the cells of the fasiculata in the adrenal cortex |
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Cortisol |
-glucocorticoid (steroid) -made by the zona fasiculata in the adrenal cortex -acts as an anti-inflammatory, stress inducer, decreases fertility, matures fetal lungs, increases glucose and induces labor -controlled by ACTH -receptors on neurons of the hypothalamus |
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cushings (hyperadrenocorticism) |
cause by over production of cortisol which leads to high sugar levels and increased urination -curly hair in horse |
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Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism) |
caused by low gluccocorticoids (aldosterone) because no Na resorption |
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pancreas |
bilobed exocrine gland that sits next to the small intestine and is where enzymes are secreted into the SI to help with food absorption |
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islets of langerhan |
small masses of endocrine tussle that make and secretes insulin and glucagon -made up of alpha and beta cells |
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alpha cells |
secrete glucgaon |
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beta cells |
secrete insulin |
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glucagon |
-polypeptide (29aa) -made by the alpha cells in the islets of langerhan -increase glucose release from the liver and breakdown fat -controlled by low glucose levels in the blood -receptors on the liver and fat |
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insulin |
-alpha and beta chain with 2 disulfide bones -made in the beta cells of the islet of langerhan -decrease glucose levels in the blood by allowing them to get into cells of the body -controlled by high glucose levels -receptors on all body cells |
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type 1 diabets |
the pancreas fails to make insulin (no beta cells) |
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type 2 diabetes |
too much sugar in the blood causes insulin resistance (later can develop type 1) |
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problems with excess sugar in the blood |
-hemaglobin A1C -thickens blood -makes endothelia less flexible |
