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76 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What frequency range is the average ear most sensitive to?
2000-5000 Hz
function of spinal cord
local motor-control system, important reflex processing
function of brainstem
location of reticular activating system, important in control of posture
primary role of cerebellum
supplement activity of the other motor centers and coordinate them
function of adrenal medulla
modified sympathetic ganglion, secretes catecholamine hormones
function of hypothalamus
governs homeostatic functions including control over autonomic nervous system, somatic pathways and hormonal systems
function of basal ganglia and thalamus
links the associative cerebral cortex to the motor cortex
what position is the macula utriculi when head is erect
horizontal
what position is the macula sacculi when the head is erect
vertical
what causes membrane depolarization of hair cells?
stereocilia movement towards kinocilium
what causes membrane hyperpolarization of hair cells?
stereocilia movement away from kinocilium
What converts overall action plans into programs that determine specific movement?
basal ganglia and thalamus
What 6 things happen during the transduction in the visual system?
1. changes in photoprotein complex
2. decrease in cGMP in cytoplasm
3. membrane hyperpolarization
4. decrease transmitter release
5. decreases in Na & Ca flux across plasmalemma
6. altered response in postsynaptic neurons
What is the ideal core and peripheral temperature?
37c
What are 3 ways to increase heat production?
1. voluntary muscular activity and behavior changes
2. involuntary tonic and rhythmic muscle activity (tense & shiver)
3. non shivering thermogenesis
What are 2 methods of heat conservation?
1.vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
2.minimize body surface area
What is the primary central structure that regulates temperature?
hypothalamus
are there more rods or more cones in the eye
rods
function or rods
dim light, peripheral vision
function of cones
daytime lighitng, color vision
describe distribution of rod and cone cells in retina, explain fovea
unequal distribution, no rod cells in fovea - essential for daytime vision
what part of the eye plays the largest role in focusing/refracting light?
cornea
describe superficial somatic pain
pain coming from skin
describe deep somatic pain
pain originating from connective tissues, bones, joints and muscles. dull in nature tends to radiate
describe visceral pain
pain from internal organs
what does the tympanic membrane separate
the external canal and the middle ear
what do the eustachian (auditory) tubes connect? what does it regulate
connect middle ear with pharynx, open and close to equilibrate pressure in middle ear
what is neuralgia
continuous irritation
what is referred pain
pain felt in a different place than where it is origination from (arm pain from heart attack)
What 3 afferent inputs go into the hypothalamus control of cardiovascualr system?
1. baroreceptors
2. chemoreceptors
3. mechanoreceptors
what pathways mediates the hypothalamic effects on the cardiovascular system?
both parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways
what is another name for parasympathetic nervous system
craniosacral system
where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system located?
in brainstem and sacral spinal cord
where are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system located?
in lateral horn of the thoracic and lumbar cord
three functions of feed-forward programmed motor movement
1. allows for rapid movement
2. causes adjustements to be set in advancec
3. dictates co-activation of muscle spindles so one can detect differences between actual and expected movements
function of reticular formation of mesencephalon
activating center (consciousness)
function of reticular ares in brainstem
causes sleep by inhibiting activating system
function of thalamic portion of reticular activating system
activation of only certain areas of cerebral cortex
where are post-gangliotic neurons of parasympathetic nervous system
near or in effector organs
define global aphasia
expressive and receptive functions impaired
define amnesic aphasia
word-finding ability impaired
define alexia
trouble reading
define agraphia
difficulty writing
define acalculia
difficulty with arithmetic
where does the lateral hypothalamus receive sensory inputs from?
afferents near the body surface and from internal structures
where does the medial hypothalamus receive inputs from?
lateral hypothalamus
where to the afferent pathways for postural control come from (3 places)
the eyes, vestibular apparatus, proprioreceptor
how is the order or excitation of motoneurons determined?
inverse function of cell size, smallest ones first
how is the order of deactivation of motoneurons determined
function of cell size, largest ones first
what is the motor cortex important for?
maintaining goal-directed movement
what can lesions in the basal ganglia lead to?
parkinsons
when do alpha waves occur?
awake, quiet, rested state
when do beta waves occur?
activation of CNS, tension
when do theta waves occur?
emotional stress, disappointment, frustration
when do delta waves occur?
deep sleep, in infancy, serious organic brain disease
what kind of receptors do taste and smell use?
taste: secondary
smell: primary
how is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system regulated?
built in, multi-level, POSITIVE feedback system
how are most endocrine glands regulated?
by hormones from the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
does hypothalamus release stimulating or inhibiting releasing hormones?
both
what brain center is involved in hunger, sleep, sexual behavior, thermoregulation?
hypothalamus
what is the limbic system associated with? (3 things)
changes in moods, incentives to action, process of learning and memory
what is spinal shock?
decreased synaptic excitability of neurons lying distal to a transversed section of spinal cord
what happens after spinal transection?
initial period of minimal reflex activity, development of flexor activity, then mass flexion reflexes from tactile stimulation, hyperactivity of extensor activity and tendon reflexes
what causes peripheral paralysis?
degeneration of motorneurons
5 characteristics of peripheral paralysis
1. reduced muscle tone
2. muscle atrophy
3. diminution or paralysis of gross movement
4. impairment of fine movement
5. weakening or abolishment of stretch reflex
What are the 4 integrative and efferent systems of the CNS?
1. associative
2. limbic
3. motor
4. vegetative - ANS
What are the 4 afferent systems of the CNS?
1. cortex
2. thalamus
3. brainstem
4. spinal cord
when does temporal facilitation occur?
when multiple stimuli are delivered to a nerve in rapid enough succession to reach an action potential
when does spatial facilitation occur?
when multiple excitatory inputs are delivered at the same time
what receptors are are part of somatovisceral sensibility?
mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, proprioceptors
what 4 things are involved in determining the reflex time?
1. transformation of the sensory stimulus
2. transmission of information across synapse
3. transmission of info between interneurons
4. transmission of info from the effector pathway to effector organ
what kind of sensory cells are in vestibular organs?
hair cells, secondary sensory cells
8 neural pathways from vestibular nuclei
1. vestibulospinal tract
2. motoneurons of cervical cord
3. to oculomotor nuclei
4. contralateral to other nuclei
5. to cerebellum
6. to reticular formation
7. to thalamus and postcentral gyrus
8. to hypothalamus
where is broca's speech region located
left side of brain
where are nicotinic receptors located?
on postsynaptic membranes of postganglionic neurons
where are muscarinic receptors located?
on effector cells