Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What frequency range is the average ear most sensitive to?
|
2000-5000 Hz
|
|
function of spinal cord
|
local motor-control system, important reflex processing
|
|
function of brainstem
|
location of reticular activating system, important in control of posture
|
|
primary role of cerebellum
|
supplement activity of the other motor centers and coordinate them
|
|
function of adrenal medulla
|
modified sympathetic ganglion, secretes catecholamine hormones
|
|
function of hypothalamus
|
governs homeostatic functions including control over autonomic nervous system, somatic pathways and hormonal systems
|
|
function of basal ganglia and thalamus
|
links the associative cerebral cortex to the motor cortex
|
|
what position is the macula utriculi when head is erect
|
horizontal
|
|
what position is the macula sacculi when the head is erect
|
vertical
|
|
what causes membrane depolarization of hair cells?
|
stereocilia movement towards kinocilium
|
|
what causes membrane hyperpolarization of hair cells?
|
stereocilia movement away from kinocilium
|
|
What converts overall action plans into programs that determine specific movement?
|
basal ganglia and thalamus
|
|
What 6 things happen during the transduction in the visual system?
|
1. changes in photoprotein complex
2. decrease in cGMP in cytoplasm 3. membrane hyperpolarization 4. decrease transmitter release 5. decreases in Na & Ca flux across plasmalemma 6. altered response in postsynaptic neurons |
|
What is the ideal core and peripheral temperature?
|
37c
|
|
What are 3 ways to increase heat production?
|
1. voluntary muscular activity and behavior changes
2. involuntary tonic and rhythmic muscle activity (tense & shiver) 3. non shivering thermogenesis |
|
What are 2 methods of heat conservation?
|
1.vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
2.minimize body surface area |
|
What is the primary central structure that regulates temperature?
|
hypothalamus
|
|
are there more rods or more cones in the eye
|
rods
|
|
function or rods
|
dim light, peripheral vision
|
|
function of cones
|
daytime lighitng, color vision
|
|
describe distribution of rod and cone cells in retina, explain fovea
|
unequal distribution, no rod cells in fovea - essential for daytime vision
|
|
what part of the eye plays the largest role in focusing/refracting light?
|
cornea
|
|
describe superficial somatic pain
|
pain coming from skin
|
|
describe deep somatic pain
|
pain originating from connective tissues, bones, joints and muscles. dull in nature tends to radiate
|
|
describe visceral pain
|
pain from internal organs
|
|
what does the tympanic membrane separate
|
the external canal and the middle ear
|
|
what do the eustachian (auditory) tubes connect? what does it regulate
|
connect middle ear with pharynx, open and close to equilibrate pressure in middle ear
|
|
what is neuralgia
|
continuous irritation
|
|
what is referred pain
|
pain felt in a different place than where it is origination from (arm pain from heart attack)
|
|
What 3 afferent inputs go into the hypothalamus control of cardiovascualr system?
|
1. baroreceptors
2. chemoreceptors 3. mechanoreceptors |
|
what pathways mediates the hypothalamic effects on the cardiovascular system?
|
both parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways
|
|
what is another name for parasympathetic nervous system
|
craniosacral system
|
|
where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system located?
|
in brainstem and sacral spinal cord
|
|
where are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system located?
|
in lateral horn of the thoracic and lumbar cord
|
|
three functions of feed-forward programmed motor movement
|
1. allows for rapid movement
2. causes adjustements to be set in advancec 3. dictates co-activation of muscle spindles so one can detect differences between actual and expected movements |
|
function of reticular formation of mesencephalon
|
activating center (consciousness)
|
|
function of reticular ares in brainstem
|
causes sleep by inhibiting activating system
|
|
function of thalamic portion of reticular activating system
|
activation of only certain areas of cerebral cortex
|
|
where are post-gangliotic neurons of parasympathetic nervous system
|
near or in effector organs
|
|
define global aphasia
|
expressive and receptive functions impaired
|
|
define amnesic aphasia
|
word-finding ability impaired
|
|
define alexia
|
trouble reading
|
|
define agraphia
|
difficulty writing
|
|
define acalculia
|
difficulty with arithmetic
|
|
where does the lateral hypothalamus receive sensory inputs from?
|
afferents near the body surface and from internal structures
|
|
where does the medial hypothalamus receive inputs from?
|
lateral hypothalamus
|
|
where to the afferent pathways for postural control come from (3 places)
|
the eyes, vestibular apparatus, proprioreceptor
|
|
how is the order or excitation of motoneurons determined?
|
inverse function of cell size, smallest ones first
|
|
how is the order of deactivation of motoneurons determined
|
function of cell size, largest ones first
|
|
what is the motor cortex important for?
|
maintaining goal-directed movement
|
|
what can lesions in the basal ganglia lead to?
|
parkinsons
|
|
when do alpha waves occur?
|
awake, quiet, rested state
|
|
when do beta waves occur?
|
activation of CNS, tension
|
|
when do theta waves occur?
|
emotional stress, disappointment, frustration
|
|
when do delta waves occur?
|
deep sleep, in infancy, serious organic brain disease
|
|
what kind of receptors do taste and smell use?
|
taste: secondary
smell: primary |
|
how is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system regulated?
|
built in, multi-level, POSITIVE feedback system
|
|
how are most endocrine glands regulated?
|
by hormones from the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
|
|
does hypothalamus release stimulating or inhibiting releasing hormones?
|
both
|
|
what brain center is involved in hunger, sleep, sexual behavior, thermoregulation?
|
hypothalamus
|
|
what is the limbic system associated with? (3 things)
|
changes in moods, incentives to action, process of learning and memory
|
|
what is spinal shock?
|
decreased synaptic excitability of neurons lying distal to a transversed section of spinal cord
|
|
what happens after spinal transection?
|
initial period of minimal reflex activity, development of flexor activity, then mass flexion reflexes from tactile stimulation, hyperactivity of extensor activity and tendon reflexes
|
|
what causes peripheral paralysis?
|
degeneration of motorneurons
|
|
5 characteristics of peripheral paralysis
|
1. reduced muscle tone
2. muscle atrophy 3. diminution or paralysis of gross movement 4. impairment of fine movement 5. weakening or abolishment of stretch reflex |
|
What are the 4 integrative and efferent systems of the CNS?
|
1. associative
2. limbic 3. motor 4. vegetative - ANS |
|
What are the 4 afferent systems of the CNS?
|
1. cortex
2. thalamus 3. brainstem 4. spinal cord |
|
when does temporal facilitation occur?
|
when multiple stimuli are delivered to a nerve in rapid enough succession to reach an action potential
|
|
when does spatial facilitation occur?
|
when multiple excitatory inputs are delivered at the same time
|
|
what receptors are are part of somatovisceral sensibility?
|
mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, proprioceptors
|
|
what 4 things are involved in determining the reflex time?
|
1. transformation of the sensory stimulus
2. transmission of information across synapse 3. transmission of info between interneurons 4. transmission of info from the effector pathway to effector organ |
|
what kind of sensory cells are in vestibular organs?
|
hair cells, secondary sensory cells
|
|
8 neural pathways from vestibular nuclei
|
1. vestibulospinal tract
2. motoneurons of cervical cord 3. to oculomotor nuclei 4. contralateral to other nuclei 5. to cerebellum 6. to reticular formation 7. to thalamus and postcentral gyrus 8. to hypothalamus |
|
where is broca's speech region located
|
left side of brain
|
|
where are nicotinic receptors located?
|
on postsynaptic membranes of postganglionic neurons
|
|
where are muscarinic receptors located?
|
on effector cells
|