Physiology - Exam 3

Front 1

Hormones

Back 1

Signal molecules delivered by circulatory system

Front 2

Tropic hormones

Back 2

Primary function is regulation of hormone secretion by another endocrine gland

Front 3

Nontropic hormone

Back 3

Exerts effects on nonendocrine target tissues

Front 4

Endocrine system

Back 4

Collection of ductless glands scattered through organism that secrete hormones, usually for activities requiring duration, not speed

Front 5

Hydrophobic hormones

Back 5

Regulates transcription of target genes by binding to specific DNA sequences, can increase or decrease transcription

Front 6

Posterior pituitary

Back 6

Stores and secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus

Front 7

Supraoptic nucleus

Back 7

Makes anti-diuretic hormone

Front 8

Paraventricular nucleus

Back 8

Produces oxytocin

Front 9

Intermediate pituitary

Back 9

Produces melanocyte stimulating hormone

Front 10

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

Back 10

Darkens skin color, only secreted before birth

Front 11

Oxytocin

Back 11

Facilitates giving birth and producing milk

Front 12

Anti-diuretic hormone

Back 12

Stimulates water conservation in kidneys

Front 13

Portal system

Back 13

Two capillary beds in sequence, used in anterior pituitary

Front 14

Anterior pituitary

Back 14

Receives hormones that travel in portal system from hypothalamus, secretes many hormones into general circulation

Front 15

Hypothalamic pituitary growth axis

Back 15

Growth hormone (GH) stimulated productions of insulin-like growth factor, causing cell proliferation and increases metabolic rate

Front 16

Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis

Back 16

Stimulates thyroid hormone release from thyroid to regulate metabolic rate

Front 17

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

Back 17

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex

Front 18

Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis

Back 18

Release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL) stimulates ovarian cycle in females and estrogen production. In males LH stimulates androgen release and sperm production

Front 19

Corticotropin releasing hormone

Back 19

Released by hypothalamus, stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), adrenal axis

Front 20

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 20

Secreted by anterior pituitary, stimulates adrenal gland to secrete cortisol, adrenal axis

Front 21

Cortisol

Back 21

Secreted by adrenal gland, increases blood glucose, fat metabolism, digestion, blood amino acids, blood fatty acids and circulation. Fight or flight response

Front 22

Addison's disease

Back 22

Adrenocortical insufficiency so reduced stress response and hypoglycemia

Front 23

Cushing's syndrome

Back 23

Over stimulation of adrenal cortex, so excessive gluconeogenesis, protein deficiency, and fat deposition

Front 24

Somatostatin/growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Back 24

Inhibits anterior pituitary somatotrope from secreting growth hormone

Front 25

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Back 25

Stimulates anterior pituitary somatotrope to secrete growth hormone

Front 26

Growth hormone

Back 26

Stimulates liver to release IGF-1, and causes fat breakdown( more blood fatty acids) and high blood glucose levels

Front 27

IGF-1

Back 27

Stimulates cell division, low blood amino acids, and more bone growth

Front 28

Acromegaly

Back 28

Excess growth hormone

Front 29

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Back 29

Secreted by hypothalamus, inhibits prolactin, stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete Thyroid - stimulating hormone (TSH)

Front 30

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 30

Secreted by anterior pituitary, stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

Front 31

Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

Back 31

Increases metabolic rate and heat production, enhances growth and CNS development, enhances sympathetic nervous activity, and initiates transcription of specific mRNAs

Front 32

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Back 32

Secreted by anterior pituitary, stimulates release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Front 33

LH and FSH

Back 33

Promote sex hormone production by testes and ovaries

Front 34

Stressor

Back 34

Anything that disrupts physiological balance

Front 35

Stress response

Back 35

Body's adaptations to reestablish balance

Front 36

Stress

Back 36

General state of stressors that provoke a stress response

Front 37

Acute stress

Back 37

Stressor is short and unpredictable , response is transient and can get back to normal

Front 38

Chronic stress

Back 38

Stressor is long term, repeated, and predictable. Prolonged activation of stress axis until counter regulatory systems are ineffective, long term health risks

Front 39

Insulin

Back 39

Moves glucose from circulation to storage (glycogen formation)

Front 40

Glucagon

Back 40

Makes glucose available (gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis)

Front 41

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 41

Catecholamines that make inert substrates available

Front 42

Beta endorphin

Back 42

Natural pain killer

Front 43

Vasopressin (AVP)

Back 43

Cardiovascular effects

Front 44

Fuel metabolism

Back 44

Reactions that involve degradation, synthesis, and transformation of energy rich molecules (carb, protein, and fat)

Front 45

Anabolism

Back 45

Building up of macromolecules

Front 46

Catabolism

Back 46

Breaking down of macromolecules

Front 47

2 fed states

Back 47

Just - fed (postprandial) and storing it away (absorptive)

Front 48

Glucose in absorptive state

Back 48

Makes CO2, water, energy, glycogen, and triglycerides

Front 49

Amino acids in absorptive state

Back 49

Makes triglycerides and protein

Front 50

Post-absorptive state (fasted)

Back 50

Molecules utilized for ATP production through glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and protein breakdown

Front 51

Sources of blood glucose during fasted state

Back 51

Glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and protein breakdown

Front 52

Glucose sparing

Back 52

Increased fat utilization so glucose is available to brain through lipolysis, free fatty acids, and ketoacidosis

Front 53

Type 1 diabetes

Back 53

Pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin

Front 54

Type 2 diabetes

Back 54

Cells fail to respond to insulin

Front 55

Microtubules

Back 55

Made of tubulin, large helical lattice

Front 56

Microfilaments

Back 56

Made of actin, small double helix

Front 57

Microtubule function

Back 57

Moves subcellular components using kinesin and dynein

Front 58

Motor proteins

Back 58

Enzymes that use energy from ATP

Front 59

Microfilament structure

Back 59

Made of F-actin, uses capping proteins to increase length

Front 60

Thick filaments

Back 60

Myosin hexamers

Front 61

Thin filaments

Back 61

Actin capped with special proteins, with decorations of troponin and tropomyosin

Front 62

Sarcomeres

Back 62

Repeated units of filaments

Front 63

Myofibril

Back 63

Single continuous stretch of interconnected sarcomeres running length of muscle cell

Front 64

Unitary displacement

Back 64

Distance myosin steps during each cross-bridge cycle

Front 65

Duty cycle

Back 65

Cross-bridge cycle time

Front 66

Transverse tubules

Back 66

Sarcolemmal invaginations to enhance AP penetration

Front 67

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 67

Stores Ca2+ in terminal cisternae

Front 68

Energy sources for muscle contraction

Back 68

ATP in muscle fiber, creatine phosphate, and CHOs and fatty acids

Front 69

Dihydropyridine receptor

Back 69

Extracellular voltage dependent channel, Ca/Na exchanger

Front 70

Ryanodine receptor

Back 70

Intracellular voltage gated channel, Ca ATPase

Front 71

Parvalbumin

Back 71

Cytosolic Ca buffer

Front 72

Slow oxidative fibers

Back 72

Low myosin-ATPase activity, high resistance to fatigue, darker color

Front 73

Fast oxidative fibers

Back 73

High myosin-ATPase activity, light color, intermediate resistance to fatigue

Front 74

Muscle spindle fibers

Back 74

Detect muscle stretch

Front 75

Golgi tendon organ

Back 75

Detects muscle tension

Front 76

Neurogenic

Back 76

AP from neurons, skeletal and multi-unit smooth

Front 77

Myogenic

Back 77

Contractions triggered by muscle tissue, single unit smooth and cardiac

Front 78

Pacemaker potentials

Back 78

Regular depolarization due to cyclic changes in membrane permeability

Front 79

Slow wave potentials

Back 79

Regular swings in membrane potentials that may or may not reach threshold to produce action potentials

Front 80

Multi-unit smooth muscles

Back 80

Must be separately stimulated by nerves, neurogenic and phasic, initiated by autonomic nervous system

Front 81

Single unit smooth muscle

Back 81

Self excitable and contract as single unit, gap junctions link cells, myogenic and can be phasic (pacemaker) or tonic (slow wave), modified by autonomic nervous system

Front 82

Varicosity

Back 82

Special axons with many vesicles

Front 83

Plateau phase

Back 83

Extended depolarization that corresponds to the refractory period and lasts as long as muscle contraction

Front 84

Water breathing fish

Back 84

Single circuit with 4 chambered heart in series

Front 85

Air breathing tetrapods

Back 85

Double circuit with pulmonary on right side and systemic circuit on left side

Front 86

Blood functions

Back 86

Carry gases, defense, transport, and clotting

Front 87

Erythropoietin

Back 87

Hormone that stimulates blood cell formation

Front 88

Erythrocytes

Back 88

Must abundant blood cells, store and transport oxygen

Front 89

Thrombocytes

Back 89

Help with blood clotting, contains platelets

Front 90

3 steps of blood clotting

Back 90

Vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation cascade