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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glomerular Proteinuria
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appearance of large and negatively charged proteins in the urine. Suggests chaange in function of glomerular barrier.
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Albuminuria
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Loss of charge selectivity. Passes through the GLOMERULUS. Usually albumin is negatively charged, which reduces its permeability.
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IgG in urine
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size selectivity is lost, large plasma proteins in urine which escape through the RENAL TUBULES. Albumin also is released
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Tubular Proteinuria
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Beta-2 microglobulin in urine (and albumin). Endocytotic process impaired due to hypoxic or immunlogical damage.
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What is Kf
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the hydraulic permeability of the glomerular barrier x surface area availible for filtration.
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What happens when there is a change in Kf
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Increase in Kf: increase in GFR
Decrease in KF: decrease in GFR (mostly due to surface area changes) |
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What happens when capillary oncotic pressure changes
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Decrease pressure: increase GFR
Increase pressure: decrease GFR |
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What happens if there is a change in Bowmans space hydrostatic pressure (PBS)
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increase PBS: decrease GFR
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What happens when there is a vasoconstriction/vasodilation in the afferent arteriolar resistance
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Vasoconstriction: decrease GFR & RBF
Vasodilation (decreased resistance): increase in GFR & RBF |
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What happens when there is a vasoconstriction/vasodilation in the efferent arteriolar resistance
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Vasoconstriction: increase GFR & RBF
Vasodilation (decreased resistance): decrease in GFR & RBF |
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What happens to GFR and RBF when there is a strong activation of the renal nerve
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Decrease in RBF and GFR
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What happens to GFR and RBF when sympatheic nerves or EPI causes vasoconstriction
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Minimal effects on GFR and RBF
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Calculation of Excretion
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(Urine conc of X)x urine flow rate
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Calculation of Clearance
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Cx = (Ux x V) / Px
Cx = clearance Ux = urine conc V = urine flow rate Px = plasma conc |
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Filtration Fraction Calculation
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FF = GFR / RPF (Renal plasma flow)
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Describe the micturition reflex and the type of nerves/receptors activated
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1. Bladder volume increase, detrusor muscle is stretched
2. Sensory afferents are activated 3. Parasympathetic efferents are activated, detrusor contraction occurs 4. Urine forced through internal sphincter and into urethra, 2nd set of sensory afferents activated. 5. Tonix activity of somatic motor nerve to external sphincter is inhibited, sphincter is relaxed. 6. urine is released |
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What kind of receptors inhibits bladder voiding
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Muscarinic
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Define Filtration
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removal of dissolved substances and water from the plasma, this occurs in the glomerulus
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Define Reabsoption
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recapturing filtered solute and water and returning it to the plasma, this occurs in the tubules
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Define Secretion
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movement of solute from peritubular capillaries INTO the tubules
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Filtered Load calculation
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GFR x plasma conc Y
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What happens when a substance has a clearance greater than GFR
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is must be secreted
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What happens when a substance has a clearance less than GFR
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it must be reabsorbed
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what is the relationship between serum creatinine and GFR?
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inverse relationship, higher the serum concentration of creatinine the lower the GFR
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Proximal tubule Na reabsoption
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Na reabsorbed by:
Na/H antiport Na/solute symport passive diffuction with Cl solvent drag with water 67% is reabsorbed this way |
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Na reabsopbtion in the Loop of Henle: thin descending limb
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no reabsoption
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Na reabsopbtion in the Loop of Henle: thin asecending limb
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no reabsoption
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Na reabsopbtion in the Loop of Henle: thick ascending limb
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Na/K ATPase
Apical transporter Na-K-2Cl symport Na/H antiport Passive paracellular reabsorption |
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Na reabsorption in distal tubule and collecting duct
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use of symporter
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Na reabsorption in late distal tubule and collecting duct
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principle cells reabsorb Na by Na/K ATPase
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Free water clearence
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Positive = dilute urine
Negative = concentrated urine |
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Furosemide
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Loop diuretic, inhibiets Na-K-2 Cl Symports in the thick ascending limp
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Thizides
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block Na/Cl symport in the early distal tubule
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K+ sparing diretics (spironolactone, amiloride)
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work at the late distal and cortical collecting duct.
spironolactone: block aldosteron receptors Amiloride: block ENaC |
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How do certain drugs increase K+ lost in urine
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Because the increase in tubular flow and Na delivery increase K secretion
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