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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plasma levels of which of the following hormones is least effected by removal of the pituitary gland?
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Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin because they are made in hypothalamus and if the pathway to pituitary is blocked, they will be secreted directly into bloodstream.
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Hypersecretion
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Hormonal over secretion due to adenomas(cancerous tumor)
Primary-problem with adrenal cortex Secondary-problem with hypothalamus or pituitary |
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Hyposecretion
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Hormonal Feedback inhibition
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2nd Messinger Problems
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no response to circulating hormones
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Plasma levels of which of the following hormones is least effected by removal of the pituitary gland?
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Vasopressin (ADH)
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Growth Hormone Deficiency
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Short Stature (Dwarfism)
If developed before puberty Most result from panhypopituitarism (inadequate secretion from pituitary gland) Parts of body develop in appropriate proportion Rate of development is greatly decreased Decreased capacity to promote cartilage and long bone growth |
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Growth Hormone Excess
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Usually from pituitary adenomas
Gigantism (adolescent onset) Increased bone length Increased bone thickness Acromegaly (adult onset) Increased bone thickness Nose, head, hands, feet Organomegaly |
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Laron Dwarfism
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Rate of GH secretion is normal or high
Low somatomedin C (IGF-1) Receptor insensitivity Treatment with IGF-1 |
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Pituitary Diabetes
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Growth hormone problem.
When GH is chronically elevated, the metabolic effects on lipolysis and glucose uptake result in abnormally high levels of blood glucose The excessive stimulation of insulin results in “insulin insensitive” tissues, which further impairs plasma glucose uptake (Type II) Eventually leads to “burn-out” of pancreatic β-islet cells (Type I) |
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Congenital Hypothyroidism
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Effects of THs deficiency on growth and development
Short stature Obesity Malformed legs Mentally retarded Prominent abdomen Flat, broad nose Hypoplastic mandible Dry, scaly skin Delayed puberty Muscle weakness |
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Hyperthyroidism
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(thyrotoxicosis)– excess of thyroid hormones
Nervousness, irritability Poor concentration Heat intolerance Sweating, moist skin Voracious appetite and Weight loss Tachycardia Palpitation Muscle weakness, tremor Goiter Exophthalmos, ophthalmopahty Diarrhea Exacerbate diabetes (glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis) |
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Hypothyroidism
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(myxedema) – deficiency of thyroid hormones
Muscle weakness Sleepy Sluggish Poor appetite Sensitive to cold Dry skin and hair Slow speech Infertility Loss of memory Constipation Weight gain Edema of face Decreased heart rate |
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Goiter
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diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland, caused by prolonged elevation of TSH
can be in hypo or hyper |
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Thyroid Nodule
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enlargement of a portion of the gland, caused by a tumor (benign or malignant)
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How is cortisol stored in the body?
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In circulation bound to the plasma protein
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HYPOaldosteronism
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Adrenal destruction
ADDISON’s DISEASE Clinically: Hyponatremia Hyperkalemia Mild Acidemia Hypotension ↓ECF Volume : SHOCK DEATH (Days-Weeks) Treatment: Mineralocorticoids NaCl |
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HYPERaldosteronism
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Excess aldosterone
Adenoma (Glomerulosa) CONN’s DISEASE Clinically: Hypernatremia Hypokalemia Mild Alkalosis Hypertension ↑ECF Volume LOW RENIN Treatment: Adenoma removal Adrenalectomy |
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What is the role of angiotensin II in the synthesis of aldosterone? Angiotensin II stimulates what?
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activity of aldosterone synthase in aldosterone-secreting cells
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which of the following processes is the rate limiting step?
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formation of pregnenlone
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which of the following processes is the rate limiting steop for androgens synthesis?
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formation of pregnenolone
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which of the following hormones is not secreted from adrenal cortex?
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Testosterone
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How does chocolate make you feel happy?
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Inhibits MAO- enzyme responsible for degrading catecholamines. MAO inhibitors for treatment of pts with depression. Chocolate has MAO inhibitor activity
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Which of the following is secreted into the intestinal lumen?
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Secreted as Trypsinogen then converted into trypsin in the lumen
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Which of the following is true regarding regulation of insulin secretion?
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Glucagon directly stimulates insulin secretion
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Insulin receptors exist only in the skeletal muscle and fat cells
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False
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Insulin regulates glucose uptake by the liver
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False. Insulin decreases outflow from the liver. Insulin does NOT regulate glucose uptake by the liver
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How is cortisol stored in the body?
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In circulation bound to the plasma protein
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Hypersecretion of Adrenal cortex can be caused by...
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Adenomas of the anterior pituitary that secrete large amounts of ACTH (Cushing’s disease)
Abnormal function of the hypothalamus that causes high levels of CRH Ectopic secretion of ACTH Adenomas of the adrenal cortex |
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Cushing's Syndrome
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Increased blood glucose concentration (2x normal)
Results from enhanced gluconeogenesis and decreased glucose utilization May cause diabetes mellitus Greatly decreased tissue proteins Except liver and plasma proteins Severe weakness, immunosuppression Purple striae, osteoporosis Mobilization and redistribution of fat Face (“moon face’’). buffalo torso Excess steroids Edematous face (“moon face”), acne, hirsutism (excess hair growth) Excess mineralocorticoids Hypertension Treatment Surgery Radiation Drugs that block steroidogenesis Drugs that inhibit ACTH secretion Adrenalectomy followed by administration of adrenal steroids |
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Mineralocorticoid disorders
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HYPOaldosteronism, HYPERaldosteronism
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Adrenogenital syndrome
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excess of androgens, 21- Hydroxylase deficiency Masculinization (or virilization)
21- Hydroxylase deficiency is the most common enzymatic disorder that account for this syndrome Adrenal androgens are produced in great excess, causing virilization Production of cortisol is low ACTH secretion is increased because the low cortisol production Clinically: in females, ambiguous genitalia can lead to incorrect gender assignment at birth |
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Which of the following is true regarding regulation of insulin secretion?
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Glucagon directly stimulates insulin secretion
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Insulin's role in Patients with hyperkalemia(too much k in plasma
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Insulin increases K transport into cell and causes H to leave. are treated with glucose and insulin to allow it into the cell.
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Hypoglycemia
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low blood glucose= increased gluconeogensis and glycogen degradation and increase ketoacids
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Too much peptide C in blood could result from?
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too much insulin in blood or damaged beta cells that release peptide c and insulin
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make a flashcard out of this one
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MAO Inhibitors
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Increase plasma catecholamine level
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99% of total body calcium is in the
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bones
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99% of total body calcium is in the
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bones
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0.9% of total body calcium is in
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intracellular fluid
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Vitamin D synthesis in the body is measured by plasma concentration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol which is...
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produced in the liver
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Which of the following has the greatest effect on PTH secretion?
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Vitiamin D
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which of the following is true
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Vit D inhibits PTH secretion
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all of the following cells have Ca receptors except
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pth secreting cells
vit d producing cells **skeletal muscle cells** renal tubular Ca reabsorbing cells interstitial ca absorbing cells |
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Hypocalcemia(Tetany)
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prolonged skeletal muscle contraction
Hypocalcaemia (causes depolarization of somatic neurons) increases the excitability of nerves → more Ach released → more skeletal muscle contraction Treatment: Calcium |
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HYPERparathyroidism
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↑PTH, ↑Serum [Ca2+], ↑Alkaline phosphatase, ↓Serum [Pi]
=Hypercalcemia Muscle weakness, fatigue, bradycardia, constipation, nausea, CNS depression Bone Effects Net bone resorption, weakened bone, bone pain Renal Effects Kidney stones |
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HYPOparathyroidism
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↓PTH, ↓Serum [Ca2+], ↑Serum [Pi]
=Hypocalcemia, mostly neuromuscular, TETANY |
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Rickets - Osteomalacia
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Failure of osteoid to calcify (“soft” bones)
in a growing person - Rickets Commonly caused by a deficiency in Vitamin D production and activation, availability in the diet, or action at target cells in the adult - Osteomalacia Serious deficiencies of vitamin D and calcium In patients with chronic renal failure Clinical Features Bone weakness Short stature Bowed legs Tetany Treatment Calcium and phosphate supplementation Vitamin D supplementation |
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Osteoporosis
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Characterized by progressive loss of bone matrix
Most common of all metabolic bone diseases with immense morbidity and significant mortality 1.3 million fractures per year Vertebral body, forearm, hip Etiologies/Risk Factors Gender Aging Race Sex hormone deficiency Hereditary Lifestyle and habits Nutrition |
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HYPOaldosteronism
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Adrenal destruction
ADDISON’s DISEASE Clinically: Hyponatremia Hyperkalemia Mild Acidemia Hypotension ↓ECF Volume : SHOCK DEATH (Days-Weeks) Treatment: Mineralocorticoids NaCl |
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HYPERaldosteronism
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Adenoma (Glomerulosa)
CONN’s DISEASE Clinically: Hypernatremia Hypokalemia Mild Alkalosis Hypertension ↑ECF Volume LOW RENIN Treatment: Adenoma removal Adrenalectomy |
