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307 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which are true regarding hormone classes: (1) steroids are made from tryptophan (2) peptide hormones are made from amino acids (3) thyroid hormone and catecholamine hormones are made using tyrosine (4) hormones made from amino acids generally have long half-lives (5) steroid hormones can bind to membrane receptors, but not to intracellular receptors |
(2) and (3) are TRUE |
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which are TRUE concerning neuron physiology? 1. Fast axonal transport is mechanisms for moving cell components between the cell body and axon terminals 2. Action potentials are always produced when graded potentials reach the axon hillock (trigger zone) 3. Graded potentials can be excitatory or inhibitory 4. Myelin sheaths are made by astrocytes 5. Axons with larger diameter conduct action potentials more rapidly than axons with smaller diameter |
1, 3, and 5 are TRUE |
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Given the anatomy depicted, what do we know about the neural tissue to the right: 1. the neuron depicted possesses nodes of Ranvier 2. the neuron depicted is associated with multiple Schwann cells 3. this neuron would only be found in the central nervous system 4. this neuron would only be found in the peripheral nervous system |
1,2, and 4 are correct |
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Regarding general brain anatomy and function: 1. the limbic system 2. the brainstem includes the pons and medulla oblongata 3. the cerebellum controls movement 4. the cerebrum is the main site of control of autonomic (involuntary) functions |
1 and 2 are TRUE |
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Regarding the image to the right: 1. the overall structure shown is the cerebral cortex 2. "A" is the motor cortex and association area 3. Damage to "C" would result in problems with vision 4. "B" is the somatosensory cortex and association area 5. "D" is the auditory cortex and association area |
All are true |
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What does this diagram depict? |
Melatonin |
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The adrenal cortex produces steroids including ___________ whereas the adrenal medulla produces catecholamines including ___________. |
aldosterone, epinephrine |
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The relationship between insulin and glucagon is: |
antagonistic |
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Which of the following is TRUE concerning resting membrane potentials: a. all cells have them b. they are usually + c. changes in resting membrane potentials are used by neurons for communication |
a. and c. are TRUE |
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Regarding the sodium potassium pump (Na+K+ATPase): |
It is found on cell membranes it works by active transport it acts to move sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell |
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Which of the following is TRUE concerning graded potentials: a. they are produced on dendrites and cell bodies b. they are only produced if a threshold voltage is reached first c. they are all-or-none d. they maintain their strength as they move away from their source |
a. they are produced on dendrites and cell bodies |
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_________ is used as a neurotransmitter in the CNS as well as the PNS: |
Norepinephrine |
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Which of the following is TRUE concerning action potentials: a. they can exhibit spatial and temporal summation b. they are proportional to stimulus strength c. they are initiated when a change in membrane potential reaches threshold at the axon hillock (trigger zone) d. they are propagated along axons by opening and closing of Ca++ channels |
c. they are initiated when a change in membrane potential reaches threshold at the axon hillock (trigger zone) |
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What is the correct sequence of events just PRIOR to neurotransmitter release? |
depolarization of axon terminal --> Ca++ entry into cell --> exocytosis of synaptic vesicles |
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The voltage-gated membrane channel to the right is important in action potential conduction because it: |
has two gates to allow Na+ entry into the cell only during depolarization |
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_________ is when two or more graded potentials from different neurons combine. |
Spatial summation |
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Regarding the blood brain barrier? |
It is created by tight junctions produced by astrocytes |
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This structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain: |
Corpus callosum |
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The brainstem primarily is important for: |
regulating autonomic functions |
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The biggest difference between fish brains and primate brains is: |
The relative size of the forebrain |
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During a physical exam, an 18 year old male shows a positive, Babinski sign when the physician rubs the reflex hammer along the sole of his foot. This is: |
Something that could indicate a problem with myelin sheath formation |
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The _______ is involved with sensory integration and filtering whereas the _______ plays a major role in maintenance of homeostasis.
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thalamus, hypothalamus |
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This scientist was one of the first to suggest that specific parts of the brain were responsible for specific cognitive functions and abilities (although he ended up being wrong on the details): a. Claude Bernard b. August Krogh c. Phineas Gage d. Walter Cannon e. None of the above |
None |
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Regarding cranial nerves: |
Some of the cranial nerves are sensory, some are motor, and some are mixed |
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The "Thatcher Effect" demonstrates that: |
Orientation of facial features is important for us to correctly identify a face |
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Which of the following are TRUE regarding learning and memory: a. all of the neurons used for memory are located in the hippoocampus b. hormones play a role in whether memories will be created, primarily epinephrine and glucocoticoids c. glucose transport across the blood brain barrier may be the mechanism by which hormones exert their effect on learning and memory |
Both b and c are true |
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Although much research has been conducted, there have been no sex differences in the human brain identified to date. TRUE OR FALSE |
FALSE |
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You feel something touching your leg and recognize that it is a mosquito about to bite; this process is best described as: |
Perception |
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For any given stimulus, in general _________ the receptive field is, the __________ the acuity is. |
larger, smaller |
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Awareness of body position in space is called: |
propioception |
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In general, the amount of cerebral cortical space in the somatosensory cortex devoted to a body part is directly proportional to the sensitivity of that body part. TRUE OR FALSE |
TRUE |
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What are the receptors found in the somatosensory nervous system? |
Free nerve endings, meissner corpuscles, merkel receptors |
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Because of convergence of primary sensory neurons, visceral pain often is felt as: |
Referred pain |
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Where is the Endocrine Gland derived from and what does it do? |
Epithelial tissue Secretes product (hormone) into interstitial fluid |
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Name some characteristics about a hormone |
Secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood. Only target cells with receptors for the hormone will respond to the signal. |
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Exocrine is ________ to the surface whereas Endocrine is not. |
connected |
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What are the two main categories of hormones? |
Peptide and steroid |
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Aside from peptides and steroids, what other types of hormones are there? |
Hormones derived directly from the amino acids Tyrosine: Catecholamines and Thyroid hormones Indole amines |
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Indole amines and Catecholamines behave like ____________. |
Peptide hormones |
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Synthesis and storage of peptide hormones and Catecholamines |
Made in advance; stored in secretory |
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Release from parent cell Peptide hormones and Catecholamines |
Exocytosis |
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Transport in blood Peptide hormones and Catecholamines |
Dissolved in plasma |
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Half life of peptide hormones and Catecholamines |
Short as in minutes |
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Location of receptor for peptide hormones and Catecholamines |
Cell membrane |
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Response to receptor ligand binding for Peptide hormones |
Activation of second messenger systems; may activate genes |
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Response to receptor ligand binding for Catecholamines |
Activation of second messenger systems |
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General target response for peptide hormones |
Modification of existing proteins and induction of new protein synthesis |
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General target response for Catecholamines |
Modifications of existing proteins |
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Give examples of peptide hormones |
Insulin, parathyroid hormone |
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Catecholamine examples |
Epinephrine, norepinephrine |
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Synthesis and storage of steroid hormones and thyroid hormones |
Made in advance; precursor stored in secretory vesicles |
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Release from parent cell Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones |
Simple diffusion |
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Transport in blood steroid hormones and thyroid hormones |
Bound to carrier proteins |
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Half life steroid hormones and thyroid hormones |
Long |
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Location of receptor for thyroid hormones |
Nucleus |
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Location of receptor for steroid hormones |
Cytoplasm or nucleus; some have membrane receptors also |
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Response to receptor ligand binding steroid hormones |
Activation of genes for transcription and translation; may have nongenomic actions |
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Response to receptor ligand binding Thyroid hormones |
Activation of genes for transcription and translation |
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General target response for steroid hormones and thyroid hormones |
Induction of new protein synthesis |
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Examples of Steroid hormones |
Estrogen, androgens, and cortisol |
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Examples of thyroid hormones |
Thyroxine |
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Memorize |
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What are indole amines made from? |
The amino acid tryptophan |
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T4 hormone is more potent than T3. TRUE OR FALSE |
FALSE |
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What is melatonin a great example of? |
Indole amines |
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What is this an image of? |
Melatonin |
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G protein coupled receptor are most ________________ based hormones. |
amino acid |
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Give an example of a receptor enzyme complex |
Insulin |
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What is the most common pathway by steroids? |
Intracellular |
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The Hypothalamus and pituitary gland are involved in regulating what? |
Nearly every aspect of endocrine systtem - major link between endocrine and nevous system |
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Study |
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Hormones secreted by hypothalamu are directly influenced by hormones secreted by the ___________________. (trophic hormones) |
pituitary gland |
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Name a hormone secreted by hypothalamus that directly influences hormones secreted by pituitary gland. |
Gonadotropin releasing hormone |
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What is oxytocin involved in? |
Smooth muscle contraction |
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study |
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What do portal vessels do? |
Carry the trophic neurohormones directly to the anterior pituitary, where they act on the endocrine cells |
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What do endocrine cells? |
Release their peptide hormones into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body |
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What is the general idea of the pituitary gland? |
Different cells make different hormones |
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Name hormones that the anterior pituitary makes. |
Prolactin, GH, TSH, ACTH, LH AND FSH |
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What does prolactin act on? |
Mammary glands |
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What does GH act on? |
Musuloskeletal system |
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What does TSH act on? |
Thyroid gland |
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What does ACTH act on? |
Adrenal cortex |
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What do the Gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) act on? |
Ovary and testis |
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What does melatonin do? |
coordinates circadian rhythms |
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One of the primary products of the pineal gland is _________. |
Melatonin |
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What is the thyroid gland important for? |
metabolism and development; thyroid hormone (thyroxine) |
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What are the parathyroid glands important for?
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Specifically in Ca++ metabolism and produces parathyroid hormone
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What are the two parts of the Adrenal gland? |
Cortex and Medulla |
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What steroids are produced from the cortex? |
Aldosterone cortisol andogen |
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What is the Medulla? |
Modified neural tissue |
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What is produced by the medulla? |
Neurohormones- epinephrine and nonrepinephrine |
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What glands come from the pancreas? |
Exocrine and endocrine glads |
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Exocrine helps with what? |
Digestive functions |
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What helps with the endocrine glad. |
Insulin, glucogen, and other |
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Insulin __________ blood glucose and glucagon __________ blood glucose. |
lowers, raises |
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What types of hormones do the gonads produce? |
Sex steroids and A.A. based |
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Name some sex steroids for women |
Estrogen and Progesterone |
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Name some sex steroids for men |
Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone |
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What is an A.A. based hormone from the gonads? |
Inhibin |
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Give characteristics of Leptin hormone |
Hormone that decreases hunger Increases energy expenditure (higher metabolism) Mechanism still unclear |
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What tissue produces leptin? |
Adipose tissue |
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Where is Ghrelin produced? What does it do? |
Made by cells in the stomach; increases hunger |
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pictures |
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What is this an image of? |
Pancreas |
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Give examples of axes: |
HPG axis HPA axis |
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What is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Pathway often called? |
Axes |
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What kind of hormone is the GnRH and what releases it? What does it target? |
Trophic; Hypothalamus; The Anterior Pituitary |
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What hormones are produced by the Anterior Pituitary? What do these hormones target? |
FSH and LH (trophic); Endocrine Gland or gonads |
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Thyroid hormones effect on reprodroductive development? |
None |
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Reproductive steroids effect on reprod development? |
Delayed |
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Reprod steroids in presence of thyroid hormone effect on reprod development? |
Normal/complete effect (also called permissiveness) |
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What kind of effect do Insulin and Glucagon have on blood glucose levels? |
Antagonistic meaning opposite effects |
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What is nervous tissue specialized for? |
Electrical communication between cells of the body |
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Nervous tissue can have remarkably long extensions ("_____________.") |
cell processes |
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What does nervous tissue comprise of? |
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
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What two cell types make up the nervous tissue? |
1. Neurons ("nerve cells") 2. Neuroglial cells (plural is "neuroglia") |
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What is this an image of? |
Neuron |
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Memorize parts |
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Direction of communication in neurons is 2 directions. TRUE OR FALSE |
FALSE |
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Typical cell transport happens how quickly? |
1 mm/ day |
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What allows for much more rapid communication between the cell body and the axon terminal? |
Fast axonal transport - 400 mm/day |
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Where are the two places you find neuroglial cells? |
Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system |
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What does the peripheral nervous system contain? |
Satellite cells and Schwann cells |
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What does the central nervous system contain? |
Oligodendrocytes Microglia (modified immune cells) Astrocytes Ependymal cells |
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What cells form the myelin sheath? |
Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes |
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What do Microglia act as? |
Scavengers |
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What kind of disorder is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? |
Neurodegenerative CNS disorder |
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What was MS originally thought to be? |
Autoimmune response |
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How can MS problem actually start??? |
With glial cells (triggering immune response) |
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What happens when you damage myelin sheath? |
Lose the effectiveness of the electrical communication |
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At what age indicates normal nervous system development? |
2 years of age |
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When do people do this? |
Birth to about 2 |
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What is Resting Membrane Potential? |
The difference in electric charge across the cell membrane between the inside and outside of a cell at rest |
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ALL cells have a resting membrane potential. TRUE OR FALSE |
TRUE |
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Inside of cell is more ___________ that outside of cell. |
negative |
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Is the resting membrane potential more positive or negative? |
Negative |
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Changes in membrane potential play major role in cellular communication: |
Neurons and muscle cells |
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Name some gate channels. |
Mechanically gated channels Chemically (ligand) gated channels Voltage gated channels "Leak" channels |
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Where are chemically gated channels mostly found? |
Synapses |
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Where are voltage gated channels mostly found on? |
Axons |
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"Leak" channels are always closed. TRUE OR FALSE |
FALSE; always open |
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What are "leak" channels often referred as? |
Voltage-gated |
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What are graded potentials used for? |
Short distance communication in neurons
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Graded potentials can be depolarizing or _____________. |
hyperpolarized |
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Where do graded potentials occur? |
Dendrites and cell bodies |
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How do graded potentials occur? |
Due to opening/closing of channels; movement of ions into or out of neuron (Na+, Cl-, Ca++) |
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Why is graded potentials called graded potentials? |
"Graded" because strength of stimulus is proportional to strength of potential; can be summed |
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Graded potential is __________ at its point of origin. What makes it decline? |
strongest; With distance |
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Why does graded potential signal decline? |
Current leakage Cytoplasmic resistance |
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What is graded signal proportional to? |
Stimulus strength |
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When we move signals in a positive direction, what is it called? (depolarizing) |
Excitatory |
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What are action potentials? |
Large, uniform electric signals that can travel great distances without losing strength |
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Why do action potentials happen? |
Due to opening/closing of channels; movement of ions into or out of neuron (Na+, K+); when threshold potential is reached |
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What kind of pattern does action potential have? |
Repeatable depolarization-repolarization-recovery pattern |
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Where do action potentials occur? |
In axons |
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There is summation in Action potentials. TRUE OR FALSE |
FALSE |
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What are graded potentials? |
Variable-strengthelectrical signals that travel over short distances and lose strength as they travel away fromsourceom&pfname= |
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In order for an action potential to be generated, what needs to happen? |
Reach a threshold voltage |
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Na+ have an activation gate but not an inactivation gate. TRUE OR FALSE |
FALSE; has both |
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General properties of communication by action potentials |
Frequency of action potentials directly proportional to stimulus intensity Larger diameter axons conduct action potentials faster than smaller diameter axons Myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons; via saltatory conduction |
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What does myelination do? |
Increases insulation, decreases leakage, therefore can get away with fewer channels |
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What does ion channel opening/closing do to saltatory conduction? |
Slows it |
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What is unique to the squid? |
Has a "giant axon" meaning no myelin |
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What is main way we truly figured out how neurons worked? |
Squids |
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Describe the Krogh Principle |
For a given scientific question, there is an organism in which that question can be most conveniently studied |
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Who came up with the Krogh Principle? |
August Krogh |
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Describe the steps of synaptic transmission |
1. Depolarization of the axon terminal 2. Voltage-gated Ca++ channels and enters cell 3. Triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents 4. Neurotransmitter diffuses and binds with receptors 5. Initiates a response in postsynaptic cell |
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What are neurotransmitters secreted by? |
Neurons |
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How do neurotransmitters act? |
Via diffusion across synapses |
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What is an example of a neurotransmitter? |
Acetylcholine |
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Name three primary neurocrines in PNS. |
Acetylcholine - neurotransmitter Norepinephrine - neurotransmitter Epinephrine - neurohormone from adrenal medulla |
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Name the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS |
Glutamate |
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What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS? |
GABA |
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What is an example of opiod peptides? |
endorphins |
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What is the state of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide? |
Gases |
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What are emergent properties? |
When properties of a system (CNS) are not found in any one of its parts (neurons) |
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What is neural integration? |
Mechanisms by which cells of the NS communicate with to respond to each other |
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What is divergence? |
One neuron diverging very rapidly to become multiple neurons in one sequence |
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What is convergence? |
Multiple neurons to just one or very few neurons |
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What 2 neuron integration ways? |
Convergence and divergence |
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What is a Purkinje cell? |
Type of neuron found in cerebellum which shows dramatic dendrite arborization (convergence) |
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List the three steps of Spatial Summation for Excitatory (depolarizing) |
1. 3 excitatory neurons fire. Graded potentials separately all below threshold 2. Graded potentials arrive at a trigger zone together and sum to create asuprathreshold signal 3. An action potential is generated |
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List the two steps of Spatial Summation for Excitatory & Inhibitory (hyperpolarizing) |
1. One inhibitory and two excitatory neurons fire 2. The summed potentials are below threshold, so no action potential is generated |
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Temporal Summation, excitatory or inhibitory? |
Can be either excitatory or inhibitory |
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What does Long Term Potentiation (LTP) do? |
Strengthen synapses Important in learning/memory |
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Where do you find LTP? |
In the hypocampus |
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Evolution of the nervous system... |
Neurons i.e. Jellyfish --> Nervous system i.e. Flatworms --> CNS/PNS i.e. Earthworms |
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What do jelly fish have regarding nervous system? |
Nerve net |
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The flatworm nervous system has a __________ brain. |
Primitive |
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What do we see regarding the nervous system when it comes to vertebrates? |
Increase in forebrain complexity |
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The earthworm nervous system has a simple brain and a _________ along a nerve cord. |
ganglia |
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Name protective structures |
Bony tissue Membranous tissue (Meninges) Cerebrospinal fluid Blood Brain barrier |
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What do you see just under the body tissue? |
Dura mater |
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What is Meningitis? |
Infection and inflammation of the meninges; usually viral, can be bacterial invasion; can be fungal also |
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Name two bony tissues |
Cranium and Spinal Column |
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What produces the cerebrospinal fluid? |
Choroid plexus |
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How many times a day is the cerebrospinal fluid replaced? |
3 times a day |
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Where does cerebrospinal fluid circulate? |
In subarachnoid space |
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How does nutrient/waste exchange occur? |
Through the protective, selectively permeable, blood brain barrier |
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_______________ create the blood brain barrier. |
Astrocytes |
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What is a spinal tap? |
Lumbar puncture |
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What is the spinal cord? |
Cylinder of nervous tissue 20 in long and half inch diameter |
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? |
31 pairs |
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What is the spinal cord connected to? |
Connected to brain at brainstem |
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What is a bundle of axons called? |
Nerve |
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What part of the spinal cord can initiate a response without input from the brain? |
Spinal reflex |
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What are the four regions of the brain? |
Briainstem Cerebellum Diencephalon Cerebrum |
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What are the components of the brainstem? |
Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata |
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What is the purpose of the brainstem? |
Regulation of many involuntary functions |
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What is the purpose of the cerebellum? |
Movement coordination |
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What are the components of diencephalon? |
Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pineal gland |
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What is the purpose of the diencephalon? |
Sensory integration; homeostasis; endocrine function |
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What is the purpose of the cerebrum? |
Voluntary actions; perception; emotion; learning and memory |
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What are the component of the cerebrum? |
Cerebral cortex Basal nuclei Limbic system |
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"Endocrine disruption mini lecture." |
WATCH IT FOR EXTRA CREDIT |
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What is the lowest part of the brainstem? |
Medulla oblongata |
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What is the name for the midsection of the brainstem? |
Pons |
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What is the top part of the brainstem? |
Midbrain |
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What does the brainstem contain? |
Contains nuclei for many autonomic functions (e.g. breathing, heart activity) and for cranial nerves |
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What does the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata lack? |
Blood brain barrier |
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What are the two prominate structures in the medulla oblongata called? |
Pyramids: (corticospinal tract crossover) |
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How many nerves does the cranial region have? |
12 pairs; 11 pass through the brain (some are sensory, motor, and mixed) |
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The ___________ nerve does not go through the brain stem. |
Olfactory |
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What structure is nicknamed the "little brain?" |
Cerebellum |
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Where does the cerebellum get input from? |
Body receptors, also inner ear Cerebrum neurons that control motor output |
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What is the major function of pons? |
Relay station between cerebellum and cerebrum "Bridge" |
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What is the purpose of the thalamus? |
Integration, relay, filtering |
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____________ is a major sit for homeostasis; main interface between nervous and endocrine systems. |
Hypothalamus |
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Memorize parts |
Memorize |
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What is the largest part of the diencephalon? |
Thalamus |
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What are the 8 major functions of the hypothalamus? |
1. Activates sympathetic nervous system 2. Maintains body temp 3. Controls body osmolarity 4. Controls reprod functions 5. Controls food intake 6. Interacts with limbic system to influence behavior and emotions 7. Influences cardiovascular control center in medulla oblongata 8. Secretes trophic hormones that control release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland |
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What is the site of higher brain functions? |
Cerebrum |
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What is the corpus callosum? |
The connection between the left and right hemispheres of the brain |
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Where is the corpus callosum? |
The ear looking structure in the center |
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What does the Basal ganglia do? |
Controls movement (cerebellum coordinates) |
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What are the parts of the limbic system? And what are they all about? |
Cingulate gyrus, Hippocampus, and Amygdala; emotion, learning and memory |
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How can we name the functional areas of the cerebral cortex? |
Sensory areas Motor areas Association areas |
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Why is Phineas Gage famous? |
Had an injury that gave way to figuring out the different parts of the brain |
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Who came up with the idea of "Phrenology"? Was he right? What was important about it? |
Franz Joseph Gall; No he was no right; general idea that different parts of the brain were responsible for different things |
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What is the term for "face blindness?" |
Prosopagnosia - damage/defect in fusiform gyrus |
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Seeing a pattern or a shape of a face is called what? |
Pareidolia |
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Whats the Thatcher effect? |
Orientation matters |
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Epinephrine ____________ memory formation. |
enhances |
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What is learning? |
The acquisition of information |
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What is memory? |
The ability to retain and retrieve previously learned information |
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How can short term be converted to long term? |
consolidation |
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What are "memory traces?" |
Specific neuronal pathways in CNS; visual, senses, language |
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How are memory traces promoted? |
Long term potentiation (LTP) |
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Receptive aphasia: |
Damage to Wernicke's area; unable to process language input, output non-sensical
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Expressive aphasia: |
damage to Broca's area; input ok, only output affected - therefore individual is aware |
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What is aphasia? |
Without process or lack of |
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What part of the brain are Broca and Wernicke involved with? |
Language |
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Are there sex differences in the human brain? |
Yes |
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Surface are wise, males have the larger brain. TRUE OR FALSE |
FALSE |
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Nuclei in the hypothalamus are typically larger for males or females? |
males |
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What behavior is usually associated with the hypothalamus? |
Sexual behavior and sexual orientation |
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Spinal cord reflex, nuclei larger in males or females? What does it have to do with? |
Males; erections |
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Structures associated with language, nuclei stronger in males or females? |
Females |
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What is one of the major structures of connectivity? |
Corpus callosum |
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What is connectivity? |
Multi-tasking vs focused attention |
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Define sensation |
Input, both external and internal from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system |
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Define perception |
The conscious interpretation of input from our external and internal environments |
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What are special senses? |
The receptors are specialized organs |
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Examples of special senses |
Vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium
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What is propioception? |
Aware of your body position |
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What are somatic senses? |
Receptors which are broadly distributed |
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Give examples of somatic senses |
Touch, Temp, Pain, Itch, Propioception |
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Provide examples of somatic stimuli |
Muscle length, muscle tension, propioception |
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Provide examples of visceral stimuli |
Blood pressure, internal body temp, pH of cerebrospinal fluid, Osmolarity of body fluids... |
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What are simple receptors used for? |
Detecting e.g. temp, pressure, odors |
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Name a simple receptor |
Dendrite |
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What are the three categories of receptors? |
Simple Complex neural Special sensory |
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What is the connective tissue around dendrites? |
Complex neural receptors |
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What is the complex neural receptors important for? |
Detecting e.g. vibration, pressure, fine v course touch |
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Special sensory receptors must ________ with specialized receptor cells. |
Synapse |
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What are special sensory receptors important for? |
Detecting e.g. light, sound |
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Name the four basic types of sensory receptors |
Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Photoreceptors Thermoreceptors |
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Define transduction |
The conversion of energy from one form to another e.g. stereo, tv function |
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Define sensory transduction |
The conversion from stimulus energy to electrical energy (changes in receptor potential i.e. production of graded potentials) |
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How does sensory coding work? |
The ability of the nervous system to identify the type, strength, and location of a stimulus is. |
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What does coding depend on? |
receptors, pathways, receptive fields |
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Area over which a stimulus can be detected by a given sensory neuron. What is this defining? |
Receptive field |
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Define acuity |
Precision with which stimulus location can be perceived |
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What is a pro to large receptive fields? |
high ability to detect stimuli |
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What is a con to large receptive fields? |
Low acuity |
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What is a pro to small receptive fields? |
Greater acuity |
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What is a con to small receptive fields? |
Lower ability to detect stimuli |
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Define lateral inhibition |
Inhibition of neighboring receptors activity in the presence of a strong stimulus; increases acuity |
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Most receptor types of any sensory system: |
Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Nociceptors |
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What exactly are mechanoreceptors? |
Touch receptors |
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Give examples of mechanoreceptors |
Merkel Meissner's corpuscle Sensory nerves Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini corpuscle |
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What are thermoreceptors? |
Free nerve endings detecting heat or lack of heat |
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What happens to the action potential rate if temp goes up? |
Goes up |
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What happens to the action potential rate if temp goes down? |
Goes up |
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What are somatosensory nociceptors?
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Free nerve endings; initiate protective responses Respond to strong stimuli that could cause tissue damage |
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Name the three nociceptors |
Mechnical: intense pressure, force Thermal: intense heat Polymodal: intense pressure, heat, cold, chemicals |
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When a nociceptor is responding, what are the two pathways? |
1. Spinal pathway --> protective reflex 2. Ascending pathway --> cerebral cortex |
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Sensation of discomfort; brain's interpretation of sensory information received from nociceptors. What is this defining? |
Pain |
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Pain perception is highly variable depending on? |
Individual Previous experience Other stimuli present |
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Fast pain: |
Sharp, acutely unpleasant sensation that can be quickly and easily localized; myelated |
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Slow pain: |
Dull, unpleasant sensation that is diffuse, poorly localized; unmyelated |
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What is the gate control theory? |
We can modulate the signal thats going into the brain and reduce that perception of the pain |
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Some pain is considered visceral and some pain is considered __________. |
Referred |
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Define Visceral pain |
Sensations from muscles, internal organs; often poorly localized and felt as referred pain |
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Define referred pain |
When pain originating from one area (typically visceral) is interpreted as coming from another area (typically superficial) |
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Measurable physiological or psychological change associated with receiving inert substance or procedure. What is this defining? |
Placebo effect |
