Physiology Exam 1

Front 1

Integration of Levels of Organization in Organisms

Back 1

All functions are harmonious

Hint 1

biomechanics, physics, morphology, nervous control, electrophysiology, biochemistry, etc.

Front 2

Physiology is key to understanding:

Back 2

-Biology of all animals
-Human health and disease
-Health/Disease of animals in human affairs

Front 3

Mechanism vs Origin:
MECHANISM

Back 3

What is the mechanism behind a function, and how does the animal carry out their functions?

Hint 3

the components of actual, living animals and the interactinos among those components that enable the animals to perform as they do

Front 4

Mechanism vs Origin:
ORIGIN

Back 4

How did a mechanism come to be, and why do modern-day animals posses the mechanisms that they do?

Front 5

natural selection

Back 5

the increase in frequency of genes that produce phenotypes that raise the likelihood that animals will survive and reproduce

Hint 5

key process of evolutionary origin; "tinkering"

Front 6

adaptation

Back 6

physiological mechanism or other trait that is a product of evolution by natural selection

Front 7

adaptive significance

Back 7

the reason why a trait is an asset for the organism, why natural selection favored the evolution of that trait

Front 8

MECHANISTIC approach to physiology

Back 8

mechanisms by which animals perform life-sustaining functions at many levels

Hint 8

core of physiology

Front 9

EVOLUTIONARY approach to physiology

Back 9

evolutionary and adaptive signficance of physiological traits

Front 10

COMPARATIVE approach to physiology

Back 10

the ways in which diverse phylogenic groups of animals resemble each other and differ

Front 11

ENVIRONMENTAL approach to physiology

Back 11

the ways in which physiology and ecology interact, in present and during evolutionary time

Front 12

STRUCTURAL DYNAMISM

Back 12

atoms in an animal's body are in constant flux with the environment and are replaced continuously

Hint 12

iron in red blood cells (4 months), calcium in skeleton, proteins and fats (lose 2-3%/day)

Front 13

why animals need to eat all of the time

Back 13

-energy needed to combat entropy
-tissues continuously break down/rebuilt
-keep internal/external environments different
-energy for physiological responses

Front 14

internal environment

Back 14

set of conditions experienced by cells within an animal's body

Hint 14

temp, pH, ion concentration, etc.

Front 15

external environment

Back 15

conditions outside of the body

Front 16

regulation

Back 16

animal maintains internal constancy in the face of external variability

Hint 16

endotherm

Front 17

conformity

Back 17

animal permits internal and external conditions to be equal

Hint 17

ectotherm

Front 18

regulation: advantages

Back 18

cells can function independently from environment

Hint 18

endotherm

Front 19

regulation: disadvantages

Back 19

costs a lot of energy (twice as much as ecotherms)

Hint 19

endotherm

Front 20

conformity: advantages

Back 20

energetically cheap

Hint 20

ectotherm

Front 21

conformity: disadvantages

Back 21

cells subject to change in condition depending on environment

Hint 21

ectotherm

Front 22

ACUTE externally controlled physio. rates

Back 22

short term, reversible changes in an individual

Front 23

CHRONIC externally controlled physio. rates

Back 23

long term, reversible changes in an individual

Front 24

EVOLUTIONARY externally controlled physio. rates

Back 24

long term changes in gene frequencies at the population level

Front 25

acclimation

Back 25

a chronic response to a changed environment, only if the new environment differs from the preceeding environment in just a few highly defined ways

Hint 25

laboratory phenomenon

Front 26

acclimatization

Back 26

a chronic response of individuals to a changed environment, when the new and old environments are different NATURAL environments

Hint 26

winter/summer, high/low lattitudes

Front 27

DEVELOPMENTAL internally controlled physio. rates

Back 27

programmed changes in an individual as it matures and ages

Hint 27

genetic

Front 28

BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS internally controlled physio. rates

Back 28

repeating, cyclical changes in an individual

Hint 28

genetic, enzymatic

Front 29

scaling

Back 29

physiological/morphological traits are known to vary in systematic ways with body size in mammals and other phylogenetically related sets of animal species

Front 30

environment

Back 30

all the chemical, physical, and biotic components of an organisms surroundings

Front 31

three major conditions of Earth's environments

Back 31

temperature
oxygen
water

Front 32

temperature

Back 32

a meaure of the intensityof the random motion of molecules; determines rates of chem. rxns. and enzyme activity

Front 33

temperature conformers (ectotherms) vs. latitude

Back 33

temp. conformers decline toward poles due to seasonal environmental procedures

Hint 33

butterfly species decline at high latitudes b/c plants dec. in diversity/productivity toward poles (affecting food supply)