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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"broken function"
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dysfunction
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shortness of breath
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dyspnea
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heart can't pump enough blood to meet tissue needs
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heart failure
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fluid congestion in the lungs
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pulmonary edema
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"heart muscle disease"
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cardiomyopathy
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urine in blood
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uremia
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"know before"; a prediction of the course of a disease
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prognosis
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"know between" possible causes
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diagnosis
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a model in which the causes and the effects are all chemical or physical changes
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mechanistic paradigm
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cause --> effect
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causality
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the process in which physicians are presented with a effect (dysfunction) and must infer the cause
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differential diagnosis
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a form of negative feedback in which the product of a reaction down regulated an upstream reaction
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product inhibition
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model that describes the purpose served by the bodily response and implies (inappropriately) that this purpose causes the response
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teleology
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from the air to a rbc list the boundary layers and fluid spaces an O2 molecule would cross
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1.) alveolar epithelium
2.) interstitial fluid (basement membrane) 3.) capilary endothelium 4.) plasma 5.)RBC |
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cause always precedes the effect
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temporality
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when one event influences the magnitude of an earlier event in the same sequence
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feedback
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counteracts the consequence of a disturbance- leads to compensation, stabiliy, return to normal
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negative feedback
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exaggerates the consequence of a disturbance- leads to decompensation (going toward an extreme), which may or may not be desirable
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positive feedback
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when a "side-branch' in a cause-and-effect sequence influences the magnitude of a subsequent event in the same sequence
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feed-forward
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breakdown of aveolar walls
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emphysema
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fluid retention
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edema
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low oxygen in the blood
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hypoxemia
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resolution of the unaided eye
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0.2 milimeters
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resolution of light microscope
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0.2 micrometers
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resolution of an electron microscope (practical for biological tissues)
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1-2 nanometers
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size of object in picture/size of object in nature
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magnification
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average diameter of a RBC
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7.5 micrometers
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type of signalling in which the secreted signal acts on the same cell that secreted it (or neighboring cell of the same type)
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autocrine signalling
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a type of signalling in which the secreted signal carried by diffusion and acts on nearby cells of a different cell type
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paracrine signalling
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a special case of paracrine signalling in which the signalling cell is a neuron
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neurotransmission
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a types of signalling in which the secreted signal (hormone) is carried cia blood stream and acts on distant cells
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endocrine signalling
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high glucose in the blood
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hyperglycemia
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cell lined "pockets" of extracellular fluid
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transcellular compartments
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What separates inside the body from outside the body
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epithelium
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What separates inside the cell from outside the cell
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cell membrane
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What is the sodium and potasium concentration between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid?
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sodium is higer in extracellular fluid and potassium is higher in intracellular fluid
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What separates blood and interstitial fluid?
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endothelium
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fraction of cells in the blood
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hematocrit
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What is the cellular portion of blood composed of?
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
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What is the difference between plasma and interstitial fluid?
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plasma has proteins
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What is the body fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular fluid?
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intracellular fluid= 2/3
extracellular fluid= 1/3 |
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What is the body fluid distribution of extracellular fluid between interstitial and plasma?
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interstitial= 3/4
plasma= 1/4 |
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What makes up the extracellular fluid?
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interstial fluid + plasma + lymph + transcellular compartments
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What is the average percent body fluid for men? women?
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men = 60%
women = 50% |
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cm/in conversion factor
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2.54 cm = 1 inch
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What is the medical percent unit?
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g/100mL or g/dL
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What is the medical percent unit?
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g/100mL or g/dL
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fatty acids with no double bonds
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saturated FA
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fatty acids with 1+ double bonds
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unsaturated FA
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glycerol
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glycerol + 3 FA
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triacylglycerol (triglycerol)
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phospholipid w/ -H as it's OH head group
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phosphatidic acid
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phospholipid with this as it's alcohol head group
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phosphatidyl glycerol (PG)
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phospholipid with this as it's alcohol head group
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phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE)
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phospholipid with this as it's alcohol head group
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phosphatidyl choline (PC)
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phospholipid with this as it's alcohol head group
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phosphatidy serine (PS)
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phospholipid with this as it's alcohol head group
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phosphatidyl inositol (PI)
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glycerol + hydrocarbon + amino group
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sphingosine
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sphingosine + FA
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ceramide
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ceramide + phosphate group w/ an alcohol head group
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sphingolipid
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ceramide + carbohydrate (NO PHOSPHATE)
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glycolipid
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glycolipid w/ a simple sugar
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cerebroside
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cerebrosides that contain more than one simple sugar linked to ceramide
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gangliosides
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cholesterol
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carbohydrate + protein
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glycoprotein
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Which leaflet has more PC?
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outer leaflet
E-face (external) |
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Which leaflet always contains carbohydrate groups of glycoproteins
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outer leaflet
E-face (external) |
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protein embedded in the membrane that can only be released by agents that compete for non-polar interactions (detegents)
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integral proteins
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membrane proteins that can be released w/o detergent
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peripheral
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P-face
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inner leaflet
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Which leaflet is associated w/ more integral proteins?
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inner leaflet
P-face |
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lateral motion
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segmental motion
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What is the average diameter of microfilaments? (actin)
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6-8nm
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What is the average diameter of intermediate filaments?
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8-10nm
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What is the average diameter of microtubules?
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20-25nm
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IF (organelle-specific) skeletal elements of the nucleus
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Lamin
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DNA + protein
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chromatin
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less condensed DNA; actively expressed
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euchromatin
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condensed DNA; silent
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heterochromatin
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RNA + protein; site of rRNA synthesis and regulatory cell cycle protein
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nucleolus
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space between inner and outer nuclear membranes
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perinuclear cisterna
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nuclear localization signal (NLS): chemical nature, receptors, and activity
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chemical nature= basic residue
receptors= importin activity= import proteins into nucleus |
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nuclear export signal (NES): chemical nature, receptors, and activity
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chemical nature= leucine rich
receptors= exportin activity= export proteins from nucleus |
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mitochondrial signal peptide: chemical nature, receptors, and activity
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chemical nature= amphipathic helix
receptors= various/ peptidases etc activity= import proteins into the matrix |
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signal sequence: chemical nature, receptors, and activity
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chemical nature= stretch of hydrophobic AA
receptors= signal recognition particle activity= import into the ER |
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lysosome targeting signal: chemical nature, receptors, and activity
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chemical nature= mannose 6 phosphate
receptors= mannose 6 phosphate receptor activity= import proteins into lysosome |
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specific proteins on the vesicle that dock onto complementary receptors on the target membrane --> fusion
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v-SNARE
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specific receptors on the target membrane that bind to complementary to proteins on the vesicles --> fusion
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t-SNARE
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cell drinking; small molecules; clathrin independent
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pinocytosis
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cell eating; actin dependent; clathrin independent
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phagocytosis
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clathrin dependent endocytosis
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receptor mediated endocytosis
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exocytosis in which contents are excreted continuously
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constitutive pathway
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exocytosis in which contents are stored in cesicles and excreted when signal is recieved.
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regulated secretory pathway
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type of 1st messenger that needs cell-surface receptor and doesn't need carier in the blood
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hydrophilic
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type of 1st messenger that needs a carrier in blood and doesn't require cell surface receptor
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hydrophobic
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