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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 loose Connective Tissues: _ _ & _? |
Areolar, Adipose, Resticular. |
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3 dense Tissues __ & _? |
Elastic-has give. Hyaline cartilage-supports and reduces friction. Dense-anchors |
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Lipids are ________molecules. |
Water |
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Cell bodies joined together are _________? |
Ganglia |
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Any cell that intercepts a signal is a __? |
Target cell |
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Dermis is highly _____? |
Avascular Fibrous/strong & temp regulation |
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Name for cells of the epidermis |
Kertino cytes Melano cytes Merkel cytes Langerhans cells |
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DNA consists of: Nucleotides and one of four bases what are they____? |
Thymine w Adenine Cytosine w Guanine Adenine goes with Thymine- Cytosine goes with Guanine- |
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Cell death is ___? Cell suicide is ___? |
Necrosis Apoptosis |
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Goblet cells produces_____? |
Mucus/sweat glands |
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Pancreas what type cells _______? |
Beta/endocrine |
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Which Nervous System has a gang? |
P N S (Gang) ganglia (Punks on the North Side) |
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What cells line spinal cord and Ventricle |
Ependymal Cells |
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Autocrine cell that does this_________? |
Automatically acts on itself.......Autocrine |
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Sweat glands rhymes with nicotine... |
Apocrine...ok, kinda. sudoriferous |
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Co-transport like a bus crossing a street |
except it crosses the gutter- Gut by epithelial cells. |
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Diffusion is DDP________what does that mean? |
Defusion/Depolarization & passive. |
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When does the contraction begin _____? |
Latent period |
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I and H bands are like hair accessories..how? |
Because they constrict... |
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Where does brain matter communicate? |
into the brain by myelated and unmyelated. descending out. |
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Grey matter is ________________? |
Neuron cell bodies... |
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Where does a stroke happen? |
In the brain...blockage, weak arteries, burst artery. |
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What enzyme tells that a person had a stroke? |
Creatine |
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Radical molecule is ____? |
impaired |
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RNA Adenine necleotide compliments ________? |
Uracel-sounds like duracell battery. |
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K+ opens or closes for repolarization? |
K+ opens for RE re re re -repolarization |
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Muscle cell membrane receptors are called? |
Nicotinic---muscle ( smoking muscle) |
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Stomach is drained through? Spleen is drained through? |
Stomach R & L Gastric veins Splenic vein. |
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Calcium pump moves with or against gradient? |
against |
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Collogen prevents ____? |
Scurvy |
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Lymph system is open or closed for business? |
Open and ready to serve! |
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Interstitual fluid-carried by ___? |
Lymph ststem-Collects/transports at capillaries in circulatory system and directed vessels-thoracic duct connects to superior vena cava, returns fluid to heart and circulatory.. |
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Layers of digestive mucosa_____________? |
mucosa submucosa muscularis enterna (circular) adventitia serosa |
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List the 3 sublayers of mucosa |
Epithelium lamina Propria muscularis Mucosa |
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Sodium causes AChe___________? |
Atp & Ca+ necessary for muscle contraction Acetylcholinesterase |
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What happens when Ion pump ceases to function? |
Rigor mortis sets in |
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Titan causes ___? |
Elastic force |
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If muscles run out of atp they-don't relax why? |
Tetanus sets in |
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Recovery time for muscles is ___? |
15 mins |
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What is a muscle at rest? |
Muscle tone...naturally. |
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70% of muscle energy can be ___? |
lost |
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Na- K pump moves ______________gradient? |
against concentration gradient |
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Chemo receptors sense __________________? |
Change in pH |
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Ca & Na are found in or out of cell ____? |
inside |
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Calcium binds to ________? |
Troponine |
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Many axons together make a ___? |
Nerve |
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A Group of tissue make a ___________? |
Organ |
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Describe to variables that change the rate of diffusion |
Concentration of the gradient and the size of the material |
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All or none is also called ____? |
Absolute refractory period |
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Threshold is the voltage that must be released in order to generate ? |
Action potential |
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What is adaptive immunity? |
Humoral/Slow & selective Cell mediated immunity B and T lymphocytes have a memory |
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What is an innate immunity? |
1st line of rapid cellular defense physical and chemical barrier |
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Mast cells secrete? |
Histamine |
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4 cardinal signs of inflammation? |
Redness-swelling-heat-pain |
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Never let monkeys eat bananas>> |
Neutrophils-eisinophils-monocytes-basophils |
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Most abundant Lymphocyte is? |
Neutrophil |
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Steps of phagocytosis or Aide? |
Attachment internalization degration exocytosis |
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What is mac? and what's it do to invading virus? |
Membrane attach complex means-compliment system it digs a pore then rushes in to burst cell. |
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B cells are where? What do they do? |
B-cells originate in the bone marrow Wait for invasion of foreign substance. |
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T cells are where? What do they do? |
Thymus-Cortisol- Hemopoietic stem cells. it attacks..graduates to lymph for invasion |
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Interferon enters extracelluar fluid to do what? |
Waits in cell for virus then, breaks down RNA-inhibits protein synthesis aka(natural killer) It invades cell to produce Inactive enzymes... |
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What is the Natural killer cell's duty |
Kills them by the insertion of granules containing perforin. a lymphocyte able to bind to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the stimulation of antigens. |
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Perforin : The cytolitic protein- found where? |
found in the granules of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cells. Upon degranulation, perforin inserts itself into the target cell's plasma membrane, forming a pore. |
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What is an epitope and what is it's purpose? |
Epitopes can be composed of sugars, lipids or amino acids. In most cases, epitope tags are constructed of amino acids. An epitope is a portion of a molecule to which an antibody binds. |
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What is an antigen where are they found? |
An antigen may be a foreign substance from the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen. An antigen may also be formed inside the body, as with bacterial toxins or tissue cells. |
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What are B cell antigen receptors called? What are T cell antigen receptors called? Where do they bind? |
B cell receptor (BCR) T cell receptor (TCR) ... This site binds to a portion of the antigen called an antigenic determinant or epitope. |
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What anti-body is the natural killer? |
The Interferon-aka(natural killer) It invades cell to produce Inactive enzymes... |
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Enzymes are large protein molecules produced by? |
Body cells |
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Enzymes are biological catalyst that increase ? |
Chemical reaction w/o becoming part of the product |
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digestive enzymes are called? |
hydrolytic enzymes or hydrolases--think molasses |
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Hydrolases breaks down organic food molecules also called? |
substrates-by adding water subtrates are highly specific |
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Subtrate has a pocket or aka___? |
ACTIVE SITE or temp holding place-til catalysis to occur..by weak non covalent bonds..ionic or hydrogen bonds. |
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Starch is digested and becomes.... |
..maltose |
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Starch is a polysaccaride found in __? |
plants, where it is used to store energy.. |
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cellulose is a polysaccaride which provides rigidity to ___? |
Cell walls. It is a polymer of glucose (like starch) but made differently. |
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Pepsidase breaks down ? |
is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down peptides |
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Starch is broken down by__? |
Amalyse |
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The only enzyme that can break cellulose is_? |
Cellulase a digestive bacteria |
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Peptides are two or more amino acids that? |
link together make peptide bond. |
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Big chief cells are in the stomach glands and secrete? |
a protein digesting enzyme called pepsin. |
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Pepsin hydrolyzes ____????? |
peptide bonds. |
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Fats and oils are called ___? |
Tri glycerides aka (lipids).. and they clump together--think fat thighs cottage cheese. |
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Bile salts help digest ____? |
triglycerides to physically emulsify lipids- bile is like a detergent/separates lipid clumps therefore/increasing surface area. |
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Bile salts are not secreted in the _? & _? |
Mouth (lingual lipase) and stomach (gastric lipase) |
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End products of fat digestion are ___? |
acidic |
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Stroma is a ______________? |
Mesh- The supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, etc., consisting of connective tissues and blood vessels |
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Testosterone is synthesized from ___? |
Cholestrol-produced by interstitual cells of Leydig. |
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What are Islet F cells? |
They are PP cells. Think (Foul-PeePee) which produce pancreatic polypeptide and delta cells (somatostatin) in the Islets of Langerhans. |
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What does Greater Momentum look like? |
Looks like a apron. |
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CCK |
A peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. |
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What is the rarest blood type? |
AB |
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AB is the ______recipient? |
Universal recipient |
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2nd most common type blood is ___? |
A |
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Universal donor? |
O Has >>no A or B antigens. |
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Sympathetic stimulation __? |
Epeniprine/norepeniprine |
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Left Ventricle send blood via ___? |
Semi lunar valve. |
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A person without Rh factor is pos/neg? |
RH negative |
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Heart rate is controlled by __? |
ANS |
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Blood from the lungs goes where___? |
Left Atrium |
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Who can receive type A blood? |
A and AB |
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What type of blood is preferred and why? |
Negative-it does not have RH factor |
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What circulation in the left ventricle ---? |
Systemic |
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Largest chamber with thick wall? |
Left Ventricle |
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What circulation does Rt Atrium have? |
Systemic |
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What antibody for AB__? |
NOne! does not develop A or B antibody |
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Antibody for O is ____? |
A & B |
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What type of blood can AB receive_? |
All THINK>>> All Blood |
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What send blood via tricuspid valve? |
Superior Vena Cava & inferior VC. |
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Right side vessels of the heart ____? |
Deoxegenated blood |
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Sertoli Cell IV aides in production of __? |
Inhibin>>which stimulates Oxetocin |
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Sertoli I is in the front lines of defense why ___? |
Serves as a Blood and Testes barrier. |
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What causes ovalation and on what day ? |
LH (hormone) and on the 14th day |
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Adrenal cortex has 2 hormones..name them _? |
ADH Antidiuretic/Aldosterone |
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Drinking alcohol-Exercise-Poisoning-diarrhea_? |
Acidosis--------------7.35 |
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Antacids-Vomiting-Barbituates-constipation_? |
Alkalosis--------------------7.45 |
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2 examples of amino base hormones ___? |
Vasopressin/Oxytocin |
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Pancreas is ___________ & ______________? |
Endocrine & ExoCrine |
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During normal breathing air moves in and out of lungs..how much? |
500ml---------tidal vol |
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Male duct system.....pathway |
Seminiferous tube- epididymus (efferent tube) Ductus deferenes ductus urethra |
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Oogenesis is the same as spermagenesis except? |
Ovum is produces in OOgenesis |
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Lysosome breaks down ? |
Protein |
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Abumin |
Protein in egg |
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Beta 2 adergenic----Characteristics |
in skeletal muscle |
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Actin shapes what? |
Cell |
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Alpha 1 adergenic______characteristic ? |
Alpha 1-Vaso constriction and skin, blood vessels gastic, kidneys. |
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Gastrin inhibits ? |
pancreatic enzymes- |
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Gastric juice contains....? |
HCL, pepsinogen, and vit k |
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Parietal cells secrete? |
Hcl--- |
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Ileum contains what? |
Peyers patch |
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Gallbladder has ____? |
CCK receptor..which causes contractions.. |
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adipose contains what receptor? |
Leptin |
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CCk travels where? |
through pyloric sphinter to sm intestine. |
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Max air vol is___? |
Vital to breathing...vital capacity |
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Amt of air forcefully exhaled after...normal expiratory is? |
Expiratory reserve vol |
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Nebulin regulates what? |
size of actin filaments. |
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Gallstones are made of what substance? |
Cholestrol...Eeeewh |
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Dud, je, Ilium....order or what? |
Small intestines.. |
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Amalyse is produced by _? |
Salivary glands |
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Phagocytic Kuffer cells line what? |
Sinusoids of liver |
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Tunic Externa has what kind of muscle? |
Smooth in a singular layer. |
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Tunic submucosa contains...what? |
blood supply |
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Glucagon is produced where? |
Islets of Langerhans. |
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REnin is produced where? |
Juxtaglomerer apparatus |
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Macula densa recognizes |
Need for Renin |
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Insulin deficiency is called__? |
Diabetes mellitus |
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Zona Fasciculata contains......? |
anti inflammatory--glucocortizones.. |
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TSH is produced where? |
Hypophysis-pit gland |
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T4 Thyroxine...T4 secreted by |
Thyroid gland |
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Cholergenic means ? |
drug has same effect as ACEtylcholine |
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Antidote for overdose of cholergenic drug? |
Atropine |
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Factors (hormones)that influence RBF & GFR despite auto regulation |
Angiotensin II prostaglandes, NO, Endothelium-ATP,Bradyinin adensine, |
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Renal Blood flow-Ra-IA-Aa-IA-Aa |
Renal artery, interlobular artery, arcuate artery interlobular arteriole, afferent arteriole. |
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Renal Medulla |
collecting duct-pyramids, papilla, minor calyx major calyx,renal pelvis |
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Kidneys secrete__? |
erythropoietin (stem cells) |
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Capillaries to>>> |
glomerulus |
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Peritubular capillaries to>>> |
Vasa recta> concentrated urine |
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Thick segment of loop of Henle contains __? |
Macula densa necessary for (nephron function) |
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Short loops of Henle are ___? |
Cortical nephrons |
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Calcitrol is made in the ___? |
kidneys- its the most important form of Vit D |
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Duct of Bellini is what? |
collecting duct |
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Flow from collecting duct to ureter-CPPMM(rp) |
Collecting duct, pyramids, papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis. |
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What is vesicoureteral reflex? |
urine is sent backwards to ureter. |
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3 hormones that constrict renal blood vessels |
Epineprinen norepineprine, Endothelin (peptide) |
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How does the body compensate for change/resistance of the afferent arteriole? |
2 ways/Renal sympathtic arterioles cause vasocontriction and angiotensin II effects both afferent and efferent arterioles. |
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What is Malt? |
The tonsils, the Peyer patches within the small intestine, and the vermiform appendix are examples of MALT. Mucus associated Lymph tissue |