Physiology Endocrine General Principles

Front 1

What are the three systems

Back 1

Nervous, Immune, and Endocrine

Front 2

What are the three common components for extra cellular communication

Back 2

A Ligand

A receptor

and

A post receptor effect

Front 3

What is a Ligand?

Back 3

A small molecule that can be a neurotransmitter, antigen/antibody, or hormone

Front 4

What are Receptors?

Back 4

Proteins that bind the ligand during extracellular communication

Front 5

What is a post-receptor effect?

Back 5

Signal Transduction or cell signaling.

- A mechanism to trafer info to the cell

Front 6

The post-receptor effect is initated by ___________ and leading to ________

Back 6

ligand binding to the receptor,

reception activation

Front 7

Receptor activation induces a change in

Back 7

cell function

Front 8

Endocrinology is the study of:

Back 8

*The chemical nature of hormones, the mediators (1st messengers) of the endocrine system.

* Cells that produce hormones.

* Cells that respond to hormones (sites of action or Target Cells).

Front 9

The physiological effects of hormones are at the .

Back 9

At the molecular and cellular level

At the tissue level

At the whole body (or systemic) level

Front 10

Role of the Endocrine System in Physiology

Back 10

- growth and development

- Reproduction

- Energy production, utilization & storage

- Maintenance of the internal environment

Front 11

Physiological Processes Are
Controlled by _______ Hormones

Back 11

Multiple

Front 12

Physiological Control of Blood Glucose
Involves ___________.

Back 12

Multiple Hormones

Front 13

What can elevate blood sugar?

Back 13

Glucagon, Epinephrine, and growth hormone

Front 14

What can lower blood sugar?

Back 14

insulin and diet

Front 15

Each Hormone Will Have __________.

Back 15

Multiple Roles

Front 16

Insulin Plays a Role In _________ & ___________

Back 16

Glucose and Lipid Metabolism

Front 17

Insulin stimulates

Back 17

- Cellular uptake of glucose

- fatty acid synthesis and storage

- glucose storage as glycogen

Front 18

7 components of the Endocrine System.

Back 18

1. Hormones
2. Hormone producing cell (site of hormone synthesis and secretion)
3. Delivery System
4. Target cell
5. Receptor
6/ signal teansduction mechanism
7. Biological response

Front 19

What are the variations of control in the endocrine system

Back 19

Distal (systemic) Control and Local control

Front 20

steps in distal control (endocrine system)

Back 20

hormone synthesis enters circulation , hits receptor, starts biological response

Front 21

Insulin Plays a Role In _________ & ___________

Back 21

Glucose and Lipid Metabolism

Front 22

Insulin stimulates

Back 22

- Cellular uptake of glucose

- fatty acid synthesis and storage

- glucose storage as glycogen

Front 23

The post-receptor effect is initated by ___________ and leading to ________

Back 23

ligand binding to the receptor,

reception activation

Front 24

Receptor activation induces a change in

Back 24

cell function

Front 25

7 components of the Endocrine System.

Back 25

1. Hormones
2. Hormone producing cell (site of hormone synthesis and secretion)
3. Delivery System
4. Target cell
5. Receptor
6/ signal teansduction mechanism
7. Biological response

Front 26

Endocrinology is the study of:

Back 26

*The chemical nature of hormones, the mediators (1st messengers) of the endocrine system.

* Cells that produce hormones.

* Cells that respond to hormones (sites of action or Target Cells).

Front 27

What are the variations of control in the endocrine system

Back 27

Distal (systemic) Control and Local control

Front 28

The physiological effects of hormones are at the .

Back 28

At the molecular and cellular level

At the tissue level

At the whole body (or systemic) level

Front 29

steps in distal control (endocrine system)

Back 29

hormone synthesis enters circulation , hits receptor, starts biological response

Front 30

Role of the Endocrine System in Physiology

Back 30

- growth and development

- Reproduction

- Energy production, utilization & storage

- Maintenance of the internal environment

Front 31

Two types of Local control

Back 31

Autocrine and Paracrine

Front 32

Local control systems are located in

Back 32

- Pituitary
- pancreatic Islets
- Gonads
(Testes & Ovaries)

Front 33

Hormones are produced _______ & _______ locally.

Back 33

locally and act locally

Front 34

What distinguishes endocrine control from paracrine or autocrine control?

Back 34

-In local control, local blood hormone concentration > systemic

blood hormone concentration.
-Location of target cell relative to hormone producing cell.

Front 35

2 Types of Hormones and Hormone Transport in Blood

Back 35

Hydrophillic Hormones and Hydrophobic hormone

Front 36

What are Hydrophilic Hormones?

Back 36

- Proteins, peptides, catacholamines

- Transported in the circulation does not require interaction with other blood proteins

Front 37

What are Hydrophobic Hormones (Lipid [Fat] Soluble)?

Back 37

- Steroids and Thyroids

- Transported in the circulation
Requires proteins in the blood for transport
Plasma binding proteins
e.g., transcortin and thyroxine binding globulin
Solubility
Hormone binding to blood proteins delays uptake and degradation by the kidney and liver

Front 38

Hydrophobic hormones require ?

Back 38

proteins in the blood for transport

- Plasma binding proteins
(e.g., transcortin and thyroxine binding globulin
Solubility)
- Hormone binding to blood proteins delays uptake and degradation by the kidney and liver

Front 39

two hydrophillic hormones?

Back 39

Insulin (protein) and epinephrine (catacholamine)

- Half lives are less the 10 mins each

Front 40

two hydrophobic hormones

Back 40

T4 (throid) and Cortisol (steroid)

- T4 - longest lasting half life known to date

Front 41

Hormone Production Rate
is _________ ___________.

Back 41

Highly Regulated

Front 42

Hormone production rate steps

Back 42

1. production rate - synthesis and secretion of hormones into the blood

2. Hormone in the blood

3. Disposal rate - Hormone uptake by the cell. Degradation of the hormone

Front 43

Feedback Regulation of Hormone Production

Back 43

Excessive blood levels of Hormone B will have a
negative feedback effect on Hormone A production

Front 44

negative Feedback Regulation of Hormone Production

Back 44

will inhibit Hormone A secretion

Front 45

Feed forward and feedback regulation of
hormone production is commonly seen
throughout _____ _______ _____.

Back 45

the endocrine system

Front 46

steps of Feed forward and feedback regulation

Back 46

Sensory input and environment affects the hypothalamus in the brain, which affect the pituitary gland releasing hormones, which hit the target endocrine cell sending out systemic effects or just to the thyroid, adrenal, and gonads.

The target cell sends back signals for feedback inhibitaion of hormone secretion

Front 47

Feedback does what

Back 47

Inhibition of Hormone Secretion

Front 48

Feed Forward does what?

Back 48

Feed Forward Stimulates Hormone Secretion

Front 49

2 Mechanisms for hormone removal from the plasma

Back 49

- Binding hormones to receptors & internalization

- Degradation of catecholamines and hydrophobic hormones

Catecholamines:
- Methyl transfer
- Oxidation

Steroid & thyroid
- Liver & Kidney
- Oxidation, Sulfation, and Glucuronidation

Front 50

Is hormone disposal regulated or unregulated

Back 50

regulated

Front 51

Endocrinopathy is often associated with either

Back 51

too much or too little hormone production

Front 52

Clinical endocrinologist can sort out endocrine
disorders by ??

Back 52

measuring blood hormone levels.

In some cases, the endocrinologist will also
determine the cause of abnormal blood hormonal levels

Front 53

what are 3 hydrophilic hormones?

Back 53

Protein hormone, peptide hormones, and catacholamine

Front 54

two Hydrophobic hormones

Back 54

(Thyroxine) Thyroid and Cortisol (Steroid)

Front 55

Hydrophobic hormones require ________ ________ ___ ____ ________ ____transport in the circulation.

Back 55

specific proteins
in the blood for

Front 56

Protein & Peptide Hormone Secretion is Regulated by

Back 56

Hormones that Increase Intracellular Calcium

Front 57

Protein & Peptide Hormone Secretion 8 steps

Back 57

Happens in the nucleus:
1. Gene transcription
2. mRNA

Happens in the cell:
4. Translation
5. Post-translational processing
- preprohormone
- prohormone
-hormone

6. Hormone storage (secretory vesicle)

7. secretion

happens outside of cell

8. Delivered to the target cell