Physiology- Circulatory Ii

Front 1

Each tissue has the ability to control its own local blood flow in proportion to its needs, this is called _________.

Back 1

autoregulation

Front 2

Autoregulation of blood flow can be superseded by a _______.

Back 2

central control

Front 3

______ is controlled by the diameters of vessels

Back 3

perfusion

Front 4

diameters of vessels are controlled by _______, ________ & _________.

Back 4

local effects
neural activity
hormonal signals

Front 5

If there is a tissue metabolic rate increase, how are oxygen, nutrients & metabolic wastes effected?

Back 5

oxygen & nutrients decrease
metabolic waste products increase

Front 6

Release of _______ increases the blood flow through "opening" of the vessels (dilation of arterioles)

Back 6

vasodilators

Front 7

Negative feedback limits the increase in _________.

Back 7

blood flow

Front 8

Intrinsic control of blood flow = _______.

Back 8

from inside=tissue itself- critical tissues (brain,heart,working skeletal muscle)

Front 9

_______ control of blood flow gets oxygen first.

Back 9

Intrinsic

Front 10

Extrinsic control of blood flow pertains to what type of tissues?

Back 10

Comes from the outside & covers non-critical tissues (kidney,stomach,intestines,liver, resting skeletal muscle)

Front 11

_________ is the presence of excessive blood volume in a tissue.

Back 11

hyperaemia

Front 12

In _________ negative feedback limits the blood flow

Back 12

active hyperaemia

Front 13

______ causes intrinsic metabolic changes to release vasodilators & increase the blood flow.

Back 13

hyperaemia

Front 14

The increased perfusion based on an increase in metabolism is called _______.

Back 14

active hyperaemia

Front 15

The increased perfusion based on a compensation of a deficiency caused by a decrease in blood flow is called _________.

Back 15

reactive hyperemia

Front 16

Increased metabolism causes adjustment of blood flow to tissue demands, this is called ________.

Back 16

active hyperaemia

Front 17

Insufficient blood supply causes a temporary increase of blood flow to cover the deficit is called ______.

Back 17

reactive hyperaemia

Front 18

How does a steep decrease in perfusion pressure effect blood flow?

Back 18

It causes a steep decrease in blood flow, which returns to its initial value soon after.

Front 19

How does a steep increase in perfusion pressure effect blood flow?

Back 19

It causes an increase in blood flow but is compensated within seconds.

Front 20

If perfusion pressure is increased dramatically, how does this effect brain blood flow?

Back 20

The changes in brain blood flow are very small.

Front 21

Due to a change in blood pressure _______ theory states the metabolism of a tissue controls its perfusion.

Back 21

metabolic

Front 22

______ theory is stated as a sudden change that causes immediate constriction to protect tissue in response to a change in blood pressure.

Back 22

myogenic

Front 23

What is the myogenic theory?

Back 23

Increase of blood pressure stretches the muscle fibers in the vascular wall causing muscle fibers to respond with contraction

Front 24

_______ mechanism protects the capillaries from excessively high blood pressures.

Back 24

myogenic

Front 25

What happens when diastole of the left ventricle is shortened?

Back 25

It has a negative impact on supply of nutrients & oxygen to the heart limiting the maximum achievable heart rate.

Front 26

The cardiac muscle (left ventricle) is best supplied w/ nutrients & oxygen & relieved from waste products during _____.

Back 26

diastole

Front 27

How does increasing the heart rate effect diastole & systole?

Back 27

It shortens the diastole more than systole

Front 28

How does a low heart rate effect diastole & systole?

Back 28

the diastole is longer than the systole

Front 29

_____ changes of blood flow are compensated within a few seconds to a few minutes, but some deviation remains.

Back 29

Acute

Front 30

_______ of blood flow over a period of hours to weeks is more precise

Back 30

Long-Term Regulation

Front 31

Changes between ____ & _____ mmHg cause only small changes in blood flow.

Back 31

50-250

Front 32

______ pressure for many weeks increases the sizes & eventually the number of vessels.

Back 32

low

Front 33

______ pressure for many weeks decrease the sizes & eventually the number of vessels.

Back 33

high

Front 34

______ in metabolism for many weeks increases the sizes & eventually the number of vessels.

Back 34

increase

Front 35

Reconstruction of tissue vasculature is _____ in young animals.

Back 35

fast(days)

Front 36

Reconstruction of tissue vasculature is _____ in cancerous tissue.

Back 36

fast

Front 37

Reconstruction of tissue vasculature is _____ in older tissues

Back 37

slow (months to years)

Front 38

What are 3 angiogenic factors initiate angiogenesis?

Back 38

released from ischemic tissues
rapidly growing tissues
tissues with a high metabolic rate

Front 39

What are 3 vasoconstricting agents?

Back 39

norepinephrine & epinephrine
angiotensin
antidiuretic hormone

Front 40

WHich is a stronger vasoconstricting agent, norepinephrine or epinephrine?

Back 40

norepinephrine

Front 41

________ is one of the most powerful vasoconstricters known.

Back 41

angiotensin

Front 42

Renin is produced in the ______.

Back 42

liver

Front 43

Angiotensinogen is produced in the _______.

Back 43

liver

Front 44

Angiotensin is produced in the _______.

Back 44

lung

Front 45

Aldosterone is produced in the ________.

Back 45

hypothalamus

Front 46

________ is even more powerful than angiotensin, but only very small quantities are released.

Back 46

Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)

Front 47

______ plays a role in the reabsorption of fluid.

Back 47

ADH

Front 48

What are 3 different vasodilating agents?

Back 48

bradykinin
Histamine
prostaglandins

Front 49

______ is formed in the tissue fluid & causes arteriolar dilatation & increased capillary permeability

Back 49

bradykinin

Front 50

How is bradykinin formed?

Back 50

kallikrein converts kallidin to bradykinin

Front 51

________

Back 51

bradykinin

Front 52

______ is released in all tissues, caused by tissue damage, inflammation or an allergic reaction & causes arteriolar dilatation & increased capillary permeability.

Back 52

histamine

Front 53

________ can cause edema if fluid leaks out.

Back 53

histamine

Front 54

Some _______ cause vasoconstriction, the majority causes vasodilation.

Back 54

prostaglandins

Front 55

AN increase in _______ causes vasoconstriction

Back 55

calcium

Front 56

An increase in ________ causes vasodilatation which results from the ability to inhibit smooth muscle contraction.

Back 56

Potassium

Front 57

________ causes the stimulation of smooth muscle.

Back 57

Calcium

Front 58

An increase in ______ causes a powerful vasodilatation, which generally inhibits smooth muscles.

Back 58

Magnesium

Front 59

______ increase causes mild vasodilatation, which results from the ability to inhibit the contraction of smooth muscle.

Back 59

sodium

Front 60

_______ & _______ cause vasodilatation but _______ has also powerful vasoconstrictive effects on the vasomotor center.

Back 60

hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide
CO2

Front 61

______ stimulation can overpower neural alpha 1 stimulation.

Back 61

humoral beta 2

Front 62

What happens when humoral B2 stimulation can overpower neural alpha 1 stimulation?

Back 62

vasodilation occurs in the coronary arterioles & skeletal muscles.

Front 63

During neural stimulation what hormone is released, which receptors does it connect to & what is the overall outcome?

Back 63

norpinephrine from the symapathetic nerve
B1
vasoconstriction

Front 64

During humoral stimulation what hormone is released, which receptors does it connect to & what is the overall outcome?

Back 64

circulating norepinephrine/epipinephrine
B2
vasodilation

Front 65

under normal conditions the Vasoconstrictor center maintains via the sympathetic nerve a certain level of vasoconstriction called __________.

Back 65

vasomotor tone.

Front 66

A total ____________ blocks also the sympathetic nerve, resulting in a loss of the vasomotor tone. The innervated vessels dilate.

Back 66

spinal anesthesia

Front 67

An ____________ causes a short vasoconstriction. The blood pressure increases, but only as long as NE is present.

Back 67

injection of norepinephrine

Front 68

__________ is defined as long-term increase in blood pressure for a given output.

Back 68

hypertension

Front 69

________ is based on an increased constriction of arterioles which cause an increase in vascular resistance (TPR or pulmonary resistance)

Back 69

hypertension

Front 70

_______ can occur in the pulmonary circulation, in the systemic circulation, or in both.

Back 70

hypertension

Front 71

________ occurs w/o underlying reasons very frequently in humans but rarely in animals.

Back 71

primary hypertension

Front 72

_________ is most often the consequence of another primary disease.

Back 72

secondary hypertension

Front 73

Renal failure & hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease)are the most frequent causes of secondary hypertension in ______.

Back 73

dogs

Front 74

In _________, both angiotensin & aldosterone levels are elevated.

Back 74

renal failure

Front 75

__________ equal hyperactivity of the cortex of the suprarenal gland & maybe the most frequent hormonal dysfunction in adult to aged dogs.

Back 75

hyperadrenocorticism

Front 76

The secondary hypertension is caused by an increased release of two hormones, _______ & ________.

Back 76

cortisol & aldosterone

Front 77

Renal failure & hyperthyroidism are the most frequent causes of secondary hypertension in ______.

Back 77

Cats

Front 78

_________ occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone (thyroxine)

Back 78

hyperthyroidism

Front 79

_______ enhances the effects of epinephrine & norepinephrine, which in turn increases blood pressure.

Back 79

thyroxine

Front 80

_________ is a clinically noticeable excess of interstitial fluid.

Back 80

edema

Front 81

What is the major cause of edema?

Back 81

imbalance between filtration & resorption & lymph flow

Front 82

WHat are 4 systemic effects of edema?

Back 82

*increase of capillary hydrostatic pressure
*decrease of plasma oncotic pressure
*lesion of capillary cell membranes
*decrease of lymph flow

Front 83

On the arterial side of the capillary bed, when hydrostatic pressure is higher than oncotic pressure _________ occurs to the interstitium.

Back 83

filtration

Front 84

On the venous side of the capillary bed, when hydrostatic pressure is lower than oncotic pressure _________ occurs in the blood.

Back 84

resorption

Front 85

______ liters per day are filtered from plasma into ECF.

Back 85

20

Front 86

_____ liter return to the plasma.

Back 86

18

Front 87

_____ liters return to the circulation by the lymphatic system.

Back 87

2

Front 88

When filtration exceeds resorption + lymph flow ______ develops.

Back 88

edema

Front 89

What are the 3 safety factors the limits the degree of edema that may occur?

Back 89

limited filtration
reduced filtration
promoted lymph flow

Front 90

Filtration can be reduced to reduce edema by ________.

Back 90

decreasing interstitial oncotic pressure.

Front 91

Filtration can be limited to reduce edema by ________.

Back 91

An increase of interstitial hydrostatic pressure, nothing above 2 mmHg.

Front 92

Lymph flow can be promoted to reduce edema by _______.

Back 92

An increase of interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Front 93

What are the 4 major causes of edema?

Back 93

increased venous pressure
hypoxia
hypoproteinaemia
lymphatic obstruction

Front 94

Increased venous pressure is caused by ________ & ________.

Back 94

cardiac failure
pulmonary congestion

Front 95

Hypoproteinaemia is caused by _______ & _________.

Back 95

malnutrition (ascites)
loss of proteins

Front 96

Hypoxia is caused by ________.

Back 96

mountain sickness- limited oxygen transport capacity

Front 97

lymphatic obstruction is caused by what 5 things?

Back 97

lymphedema
tumor-cancer
parasites
microfilaria
pneumonia

Front 98

Haemorrhage causes a decrease in
what?

Back 98

blood volume (venous side)
cardiac output
arterial pressure
central venous pressure
atrial pressure
Haematocrit, nutrients, O2

Front 99

__________ is caused by the inadequacy of blood flow throughout the body to the extent that the tissues are damaged b/c of too little flow.

Back 99

circulatory shock

Front 100

What are 4 effects & clinical signs of circulatory shock?

Back 100

vasoconstriction
hypoxia
low blood pressure
sympathetic activity

Front 101

What are some examples of vasoconstriction due to circulatory shock?

Back 101

cold limbs
pale skin

Front 102

What are some examples of hypoxia due to circulatory shock?

Back 102

cyanosis
flat respiration

Front 103

What are some examples of low blood pressure due to circulatory shock?

Back 103

pulse is thread like
Oliguria (reduced urine formation)

Front 104

What is an example of sympathetic activity due to circulatory shock?

Back 104

mydriasis (dialation of the pupil)

Front 105

What is hypovolaemic shock caused by?

Back 105

external or internal bleeding

Front 106

What is traumatic shock caused by?

Back 106

burn, severe bruises-loss of plasma

Front 107

What is dehydration shock caused by?

Back 107

loss of body fluid

Front 108

What is anaphylactic shock caused by?

Back 108

allergic reaction-loss of plasma

Front 109

What is toxic shock caused by?

Back 109

vasomotor paralysis

Front 110

What happens during the non-progressive stage of circulatory shock?

Back 110

*centralization of blood circulation
*Loss of less than 40% blood volume
*full recovery can usually occur

Front 111

WHat happens during the progressive stage of circulatory shock?

Back 111

*decentralization of blood circulation
*vasomotor failure
*more than 40% blood volume loss
*cardiac depression
*nerval depression

Front 112

What happens during the irreversible stage of circulatory shock?

Back 112

*decompensation of blood circulation
*cardiac failure
*certain death