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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The _____ heart supplies all tissues through the systemic circulation.
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left
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the right heart supplies the lung through the ________ circulation.
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pulmonary
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_______ pressure is generated by the heart when the ventricle contracts it & pushes blood by force into adjacent arteries
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blood pressure
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_________ pressure is generated by a static force
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hydrostatic
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One way of generating hydrostatic pressure is by _________.
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stretching the elastic elements of a compartment filled w/ fluid
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Arterial pressures in the systemic circulation are much _______ than in the pulmonary circulation _____.
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higher (98mmHg)
(13mmHg) |
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The blood pressure in arteries oscillates between a _______ systolic and a _________ diastolic pressure
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maximum
minimum |
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Because of hemodynamic effects the absolute highest pressure is found in the ________ connected to the aorta.
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larger arteries
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The ______ pressure is the replacement of the systolic/diastolic oscillations by a continuous pressure. It decreases gradually between aorta and caval veins.
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mean
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__________ = maximum pressure during systole
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systolic pressure
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___________ = minimum pressure during diastole
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diastolic pressure
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__________ = average pressure over whole cardiac cycle
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mean pressure
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_________ = systolic pressure-diastolic pressure
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pulse pressure
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What is the rule of thumb for mean pressure?
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mean pressure- diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
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What is the driving force for blood flowing through a vessel?
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The difference in pressure between the inlet side & the outlet side of the vessel.
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What is perfusion pressure?
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The difference in pressure between the inlet side & the outlet side of the vessel.
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_______ applies to all levels of vessels in the circulatory system.
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Perfusion pressure
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_______ is pressure that pushes blood through the veins & arteries.
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perfusion
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Which perfusion pressure is higher systemic or pulmonary circulation?
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systemic
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What happens to blood pressure when the heart stops?
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blood pressure balances out.
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When the heart is restarted what happens to blood pressure?
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Venous pressure decreases while arterial pressure increases due to compliance
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_____ have high compliance compared to ___ which has low compliance.
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veins, arteries
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______ are volume vessels & _________ are pressure vessels
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veins, arteries
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Why do veins have a high compliance?
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so pressure won't increase with a high increase in blood volume.
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Why does the blood pressure at the venous side decrease only 4 mmHg & at the arterial side increases 91 mmHg?
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veins have a high compliance b/c they hold alot of volume w/o a change in pressure compared to arteries.
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Veins "cope better with changes in _______ than arteries.
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blood volume
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______ are well suited as pressure reservoirs.
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arteries
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______ must accept high pressure during systole & hold it during diastole
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arteries
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_____ create a continuous flow rather than "stop & go".
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arteries
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WHat is the Windkessel function pertain to?
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continuous flow of arteries.
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______ are the "Pressure Vessels" of the circulatory system.
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arteries
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What does oscillation mean?
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movement of blood
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____ are well suited as volume reservoirs.
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veins
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______ receive or release large volumes with only minor changes in pressure.
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veins
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______ are the reservoir for adjusting to varying demands in blood volume (exercise, hypovolaemia, hypervolaemia)
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veins
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_____ are the "volume vessels" of the circulatory system.
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veins
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_______ & ______ is a relationship between pressure & volume.
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preload & afterload
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_______ is an increase in blood supply to right atrium which increases stroke volume & cardiac output.
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preload
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_______ is an increase of peripheral resistance which increases strength of contraction & keeps cardiac output the same.
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Afterload
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The ________ pressure of blood is determined by the height of the blood column compared to the level of the heart.
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hydrostatic
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________ pressure is the minimum pressure required to open vessel against the opposing barometric pressure.
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hydrostatic
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In zone ___, the systolic pressure is lower than required pressure & as a result the barometric pressure keeps the vessels closed.
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1
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There is no perfusion in Zone _____.
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1
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In Zone ____, the blood pressure exceeds the required hydrostatic pressure only during the systole, but not during diastole.
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2
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Under resting conditions, Zone 2 is only perfused during _______.
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systole
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In Zone ____, the systolic pressure as well as the diastolic pressure, exceed the required hydrostatic pressure.
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3
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Under resting conditions, Zone 3 is always perfused during ________ & ________.
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systole & diastole
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All ___ have valves.
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veins
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The venous side of the circulation is a _______ pressure system.
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low
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The largest vessels of the whole circulatory system are the _________.
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caval veins
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Why can the absolute pressure in veins be higher or lower than the blood pressure?
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gravity
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Blood pressure always refers to the ________.
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heart level
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______ blood pressure is sufficient to return blood to the heart at rest.
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low
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When blood pressure demands increase then it is necessary to employ additional ______.
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pumps
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What happens to blood during a muscle contraction?
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blood is pushed out of the muscle segment towards the heart.
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The _____ valve is closed during muscle contraction preventing blood flow in the opposite direction.
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distal
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What happens to proximal & distal valves during muscle relaxation?
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Pressure in the vein decreases & the proximal valve closes to prevent back flow while the distal valve opens filling the muscle segment again.
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What happens to intrathoracic & intraabdominal pressure during inspiration?
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Intrathoracic pressure decreases
& intraabdominal pressure increases. |
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_________ & ______ are a result of pressure changes in the thorax & abdomen.
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Inspiration & expiration
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The difference in pressure from _________ sucks the blood from the abdomen into the thorax.
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Inspiration
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During _______ venous valves prevent back flow, & the increased pressure forces blood flow towards the heart.
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expiration
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Systemic circulation & pulmonary circulation both benefit from the _______ pump.
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respiratory
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________ pressure during expiration helps return blood to the heart?
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intrathoracic
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During exercise the subatmospheric pressure in the lung during ________ sucks blood into the lung.
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inspiration
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The increased pressure during ________ pushes blood out of the lung providing a marked support to the right heart during exercise.
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inspiration
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Pressure in the right atrium is called ______.
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central venous pressure
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Central venous pressure is controlled by ________ of the right ventricle.
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output
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Central venous pressure is controlled by blood _______ returning from peripheral tissues.
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volume
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_______ central venous pressure = 0-5 mmHg.
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Normal
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_______ central venous pressure = -3 to -5 mmHg.
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Minimum
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_______ central venous pressure = 20-30 mmHg.
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Maximum
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______ central venous pressure can cause a pathological condition like heart failure.
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Maximum
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______ blood is centralized.
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cold
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_____ blood moves to the outside.
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hot
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______ needs constant perfusion
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kidney
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blood flow meets the needs of _______.
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tissues
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blood flow is controlled by _______ & _______.
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metabolism & nerves
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________ monitor the needs of of tissues (ex. arterioles)
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microvessels
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Cardiac output is mainly controlled by _________.
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local tissue flow
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The _________ responds & adjusts to the demands of tissues.
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heart
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What 2 ways is arterial pressure independently controlled?
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Through the local blood flow in tissues & the control of the cardiac output.
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Controllable convection system is used for transport purposes to maintain an _________.
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appropriate environment
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Driving force for blood flow is the _________ between arteries & veins.
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pressure difference
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_______ is potential energy.
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pressure
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How is control of blood circulation met?
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Through the increase or decrease of cardiac output & resistance of vessels to meet varying demands.
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_______ are called pressure vessels.
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arteries
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______ are called volume vessels.
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veins
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Why are arteries called pressure vessels?
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Because they respond to volume changes with steep pressure changes(low compliance)
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blood flow is mainly controlled at the arterial side through the _______.
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arterioles
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What does Poiseuille's Law state?
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That changes in the diameter of arteries have a strong effect on the resistance & flow of blood.
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________ are called volume vessels.
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veins
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Why are veins called volume vessels?
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Because they are volume reservoirs of the circulatory system, holding at rest approximately 2/3 of the total blood volume.
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Most of the total blood volume veins are in _______ & ______.
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small veins & venules.
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An increase or decrease in the blood volume of veins has only a minor effect on _______ pressure.
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venous blood
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The lowest velocity in blood flow is found in the _______.
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capillaries
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Why does blood velocity & the diameter of vessels decrease on the arterial side?
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The number of vessels from level to level are increasing which results in an increase in the total cross-sectional area which results in a decrease in flow velocity.
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________ flow is very energy consuming.
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stop & go flow
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________ flow is much more energy-efficient than stop & go flow.
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continuous
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_______ flow occur in large arteries & veins.
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laminar
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What are 3 characteristics of laminar flow?
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*smooth flow
*low friction against the walls, b/c of low velocity of outer layers *less energy required compared to turbulent flow |
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What is the disadvantage of laminar flow?
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blood in vessels doesn't reach the tissue.
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_______ flow has concentric layers of same velocity.
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laminar flow
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______ flow has no layers but same velocity.
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turbulent flow
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_______ flow occurs in valves & small arteries.
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turbulent flow
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What is the advantage of turbulent flow?
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Ideal for supplying the tissue & good gas exchange & surface area.
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What is the disadvantage of turbulent flow?
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*chaotic movement in & along the vessel
*high friction against the wall *more energy required |
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____ flow in the capillaries maximizes surface area for better gas exchange in the lungs & muscles
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bolus
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______ flow is when erythrocytes aggregate & move in single files reducing the viscosity of blood
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bolus
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There is _______ % of volume in the ventricles of the heart at the end of systole.
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40
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The blood volume ejected by one ventricle during a systole is called _________.
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stroke volume
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_____ volume is the difference between end-diastolic & end-systolic volume.
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stroke volume
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How much blood is ejected by one ventricle at rest & during exercise?
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At rest less than half of the end-diastolic volume & during exercise up to 90% are ejected.
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_______ is the volume of blood ejected per minute by one ventricle.
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cardiac output
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________ = stroke volume X heart rate
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cardiac output
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_______ pressure = inlet pressure - outlet pressure
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perfusion
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According to Ohm's law, flow is determined by the _______ & _______ of a vessel.
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perfusion pressure & resistance
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According to Ohm's Law how is flow determined?
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flow = change in pressure/resistance
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What does the radius of a vessel determine according to Poiseuille's law?
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resistance to blood flow
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Resistance of a vessel is determine by what?
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diameter
length fluid viscosity |
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________ control the blood flow in tissues by adjusting their diameter.
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arterioles
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_______ provide the highest resistance to blood flow. They also control the blood flow in tissues.
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small arterioles
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Why is there lower resistance in capillaries than arterioles?
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B/c there are many more capillaries
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_______ is the total of the resistances to blood flow of all vessels of the systemic circulation.
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total peripheral resistance (TPR)
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_______ = (mean aortic pressure) - (vena caval pressure)/cardiac output
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TPR
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What are the determining factors of TPR?
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radius of the vessel (power of 4)
number of vessels length blood viscosity |
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The mean aortic pressure is determined by only the ________ & _________.
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cardiac output & TPR
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flow = change in pressure/resistance is the same as what?
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cardiac output = perfusion pressure/TPR
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arteriole pressure - venous pressure = _________.
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perfusion pressure
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______ pressure = mean aortic pressure = blood pressure
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perfusion
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______ = % of blood that are cells.
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hematocrit
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_____ is 3 to 4 times thicker than water.
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blood
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The _____ the hematocrit the ______ the friction between cells, plasma & wall.
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higher, higher
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How does viscosity effect small vessels compared to large vessels?
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Viscosity is lower in small vessels
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double viscosity = ________
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double resistance
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Friction determines viscosity, but in small vessels the viscosity is _________ & ___________.
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is lower than in large vessels & increases when velocity decreases.
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_____ is generated by the blood returning to the atrium through the caval veins & the pulmonary veins.
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preload
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A _____ in preload results under physiological conditions in a _____ in stroke volume.
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increase, increase
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What happens to the heart when preload is markedly increased for a long time?
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the heart can be overstretched reducing its strength
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TPR = _________ / __________
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systemic perfusion pressure
cardiac output |
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The permeability of the capillary membrane to molecule depends on ______.
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their size
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capillary membranes have an increased permeability in _________.
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lungs-interstitial protein concentration almost the same as in the capillary blood.
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capillary membranes have a very high permeability in _________.
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liver-high rate of synthesis & decomposition of proteins
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capillary membranes have a very low permeability in _________.
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brain- protection from toxic substances
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The capillary wall is permeable to water & solutes but not to ________ & ________.
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protein & cells
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The blood pressure & hydrostatic pressure in the capillary bed filters fluid & solutes to the ________.
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interstitium
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What does oncotic pressure cause in the capillary bed?
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It works opposite of blood pressure & causes resorption of fluid & solutes from the interstitium back to the blood
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If both blood pressure & oncotic pressure were present in the capillary bed, would you see a net filtration or a net resorption?
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It would depend on the strength of force of both pressures. The stronger force determines the direction & the difference of rate of transport
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Total pressure in the capillary bed = what?
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blood pressure - oncotic pressure
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What does the final net filtration/resorption of the capillary bed equal to?
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The total of all 4 forces.
Ptotal = (Pblood - Poncotic) - (Phydrost. - Poncotic) |
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What is the pressure on the arterial side of the capillary bed?
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It has a high blood pressure & high oncotic pressure
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What is the pressure on the blood side of the capillary bed?
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oncotic pressure is constant
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What is the pressure on the venous side of the capillary bed?
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It has a low blood pressure & high osmotic pressure
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What is the pressure on the interstitial side of the capillary bed?
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It a very low hydrostatic & oncotic pressure
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What happens when interstitial pressure in the capillary bed is very low?
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They have less effect on fluid exchange than the capillary pressures, which means they increase or decrease net pressures only marginally for filtration or resorption.
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How is hydrostatic & osmotic net pressure calculated in the capillary bed?
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As the pressure difference between capillary side & interstitial side
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On the arterial side of the capillary bed, the blood pressure ________ the oncotic pressure, causing filtration into the interstitium.
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exceeds
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On the venous side of the capillary bed, the oncotic pressure is ________ than the blood pressure, causing resorption from the interstitium.
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higher
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Plasma proteins in plasma on the venous side of the capillary bed exert stronger pressure on the blood causing _________.
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resorption
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On the arterial side of the capillary bed there is more power pushing behind the blood then the force that is being pulled by the plasma proteins causing ________ to occur.
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filtration
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Net pressure on the arterial side of the capillary bed is ______ than the net pressure of the venous side of the capillary bed.
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higher
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According to the Starling equation, net pressure = what?
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hydrostatic pressure - oncotic pressure
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Net pressure in tissues of the pulmonary circulation is approximately _______ higher then in other tissues.
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10 X
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Net pressure in tissues of the systemic circulation favors _________ into interstitium.
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filtration
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Where in oncotic pressure higher, in tissues of systemic circulation or pulmonary circulation?
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pulmonary
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What is the net pressure of the lymphatic system responsible for?
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The continuous flow of water solutes & protein into the interstitium
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What are the 4 main reasons the interstitium is drained by the lymphatic system?
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net pressure
accumulation homeostasis return of lymph |
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Lymph collected from their catchment area flows back to the _______.
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right atrium
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At the ________ of lymph capillaries, cells are not connected, but overlap.
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terminal end
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The overlapping of lymph capillaries act as ______ between interstitium & lymph ducts.
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valves
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The terminal ends of lymph capillaries collect excessive fluid from the interstitium which is called ________.
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lymph
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_______ in subsequent lymph vessels direct lymph towards the heart.
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valves
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What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic pump?
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intrinsic pumping of lymph vessels
extrinsic pumping by compression lymphatic capillary pump |
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In the relationship of interstitial hydrostatic pressure & lymph flow, what factors increase ECF pressure?
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*Elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure
*decreased capillary oncotic pressure *Increased capillary permeability *increased interstitial fluid proteins |
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________ is responsible for a continuous flow of water, solutes & proteins into the interstitium.
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Net pressure
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_______ in the interstitium (water, solutes & proteins) would be lethal within 24 hours.
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Accumulation
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_______ maintains homeostasis by removing excess water, solutes & proteins from the interstitium.
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Lymphatic system
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_______ happens through lymphatic vessels to the right ventricle.
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return of lymph
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______ of lymphatic vessel prevent reverse flow & limit hydrostatic pressure
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valves
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Lymph flow is very small at ECF pressures below ________.
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-6 mmHg
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Lymph flow increases ______ at pressures slightly above atmospheric pressure.
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20-fold
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No further increase above ECF pressure of _________.
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1-2 mmHG- limitation
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Where is the absolute lowest blood pressure found?
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diastole in ventricle.
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venous pressure refers to _____.
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outlet
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arterial pressure refers to ____.
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inlet
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What tells the heart how much blood it needs?
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tissues
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