Physiology Chpt 1, 2 & 3

Front 1

Physiology

Back 1

The study of the normal functioning of living organisms and their parts

Front 2

Are structure and function closely related?

Back 2

Structure and function are closely related do to molecular interaction and compartmentation.

Front 3

Homeostasis

Back 3

Also recalled Homeodynamics. This maintains the body's stability of the internal environment. It is considered to be a dynamic steady state, as the body NEVER reaches equilibrium. It has regulated variables, set points, and control systems.

Front 4

Law of mass balance

Back 4

The amount of a substance in a body is to remain constant. Any gain must be offset by an equal loss. Can be done through removing wastes or by changing the substance into something else (which still affects this property.)

Front 5

Load

Back 5

The amount of a substance in the body, and it must remain constant do to the law of mass balance.

Front 6

Local/ Intrinsic Control

Back 6

Simplest form of control. Restricted to the cell or tissue involved. Receives no help from nerves or hormones. Self-regulation.

Front 7

External Control

Back 7

A control system put in place external to the cell or tissues involved. Done through nerves and hormones.

Front 8

Response Loop

Back 8

Stimulus --> sensor --> Input signal --> Integrating center --> Output signal --> Target --> Response

Front 9

Feedback loop

Back 9

Takes the response from the response loop and relays it back to the sensor. Can be negative or positive.

Front 10

Positive Feedback

Back 10

The response reinforces the stimulus. This sends the regulated variable farther away from the set point. Need external help to stop this loop. Usually a bad thing or is associated with disease.

Front 11

Negative Feedback

Back 11

A pathway that opposes or removes the signal in order to stabilize the regulated variable. Can restore the normal state but it cannot prevent the initial disturbance. Most systems are regulated by this.

Front 12

Ligand

Back 12

Binds to another molecule. If they bind to enzymes they are known as substrates.

Front 13

Epithelial Tissue

Back 13

Tissue that protects the internal environment.

Regulate the exchange of material between the external and the internal.

Cover exposed surfaces and line internal passages

One or more layers with the extracellular matrix between them.

Can be leaky or tight junctioned.

5 types: Exchange, transporting, ciliated, protective, and secretory.

Front 14

Exchange Epithelia

Back 14

These are for a rapid exchange of materials, such as gas. Very thin, flat cells. Leaky. They are typically found in the lungs.

Front 15

Transporting Epithelia

Back 15

These are selective about what is crossing. Primarily found in the kidneys and intestines. Has active and selective regulation in exchange of non-gaseous material between internal and external.

Front 16

Absorption

Back 16

External to internal transportation

Front 17

Secretion

Back 17

Internal to External transportation

Front 18

Ciliated Epithelia

Back 18

Non-transporting. Have cilia to move particles along. These are located in the airways and the female reproductive tract.

Front 19

Protective Epithelia

Back 19

Prevent the exchange between the external and the internal. Protect from mechanical and chemical stresses. Typically have a short lifespan. Located on the surface of the body and just inside the openings of cavities.

Front 20

Secretory Epithelia

Back 20

These synthesize and release secretory products into the external environment or into the blood (intracellular fluid). These can be scattered or grouped together (gland).

Front 21

Connective Tissue

Back 21

This tissue is structural support and sometimes and physical barrier. The Extracellular matrix is known as its ground substance and can be watery or hard. They have fixed and wandering cells.

6 types: loose, dense regular, dense irregular, adipose, blood, cartilage, and bone.

The defining property of CT is that there is lots of extracellular material between the cells.

Front 22

Loose Connective tissue

Back 22

Elastic tissues underlying the skin providing support for small glands.

Ground substance: Gel

Collagen, elastic, reticular fibers

Front 23

Dense connective tissue

Back 23

Regular and irregular. For strength and flexibility. Have a lack of elastic fibers and cannot stretch as much.

ie. Tendons (connecting skeletal muscles to bone)

Ligaments (connecting bone to bone)

More fibers that ground substance.

Mostly collagen

Front 24

Cartilage/Bone

Back 24

Supporting connective tissue. Very dense ground substance.

One is firm and flexible (C) and the other is rigid due to the calcium salts (B)

Collagen fibers

The firm and flexible has no direct blood supply.

Front 25

Adipose

Back 25

adipocytes. Fat cells.

White fat has one large drop of fat per cell and it takes up most of the intracellular space. Very common.

Brown fat, has multiple drops of adipose per cell. It is typically seen in infants for temperature regulation.

Front 26

Blood

Back 26

Characterized by its plasma ground substance. Insoluble protein fibers are absent, while they are typical in the rest of the types of CT.

Front 27

Muscle tissue

Back 27

Excitable tissue for contraction (has the ability for electrical propagation). There are 3 types: Cardiac, Smooth, and skeletal.

Responsible for the gross movement of the body.

Front 28

Neural Tissue

Back 28

Contains 2 types of cells:

-Neurons (the carriers of information via chemical and electrical signals) and are concentrated in the brain and spinal cord.

-Glial cells (the support cells for the neurons. 5-10x more than neurons)

Front 29

Organs

Back 29

A group of 2 or more primary tissues grouped together with a related function.

Front 30

Systems

Back 30

Organs in different locations that work together.