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21 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Enzyme
Usually a protein; biological catalyst (unchanged by the reaction, creates potential for reaction), lowers the energy required for a reaction. Have highly ordered 3D shapes for "conformation"
Enzyme Substrate
Reactant in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction; fits into specific pocket in the enzyme called an "active site."
What Factors Affect Enzyme Activity?
1.Temperature
2.pH
3.Metal Ions
4.Coenzymes: smaller molecules derived from water soluble vitamins
Naming Enzymes
Most end with "ase." Named for function or activity. Phosphatases remove phosphate groups and kinases add them. Lactate hydrogenase specifies enzyme and activity.
Active Sites
Pockets that substrates fit into
Cofactors
Include metal ions such as Ca2, Mg2, Mn2, Cu2, Zn2
Coenzymes
derived from vitamins; transport H atoms; small molecules
Enzyme Activation
Produced in inactive form (keeps pancreas from self-digestion), many are activated by phosphorylation and inactivated by dephosphorylation.
Substrate Concentration
Rate of production increases as substrate concentration increases until the enzyme is saturated.
Law of Mass Action
Direction of reaction is from side of equation where concentration is higher to side where it is lower
Metabolic Pathways
Are sequences of enzymatic reactions that begin with initial substrate, progress through intermediates, and end with final product.
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Energy transformations increase the degree of disorganization of a system (entropy)
Free Energy
Only energy in an organized state can be used to do work
Endergonic Reactions
Require input of energy to proceed
Exergonic Reactions
Release energy as they proceed
Reductions
When a molecule gains an electron (Reducing agent gives up electrons)
Oxidation
When a molecule loses an electron (oxidizing agent accepts electrons)
pH Optimum
Each enzyme has optimal activity at a characteristic pH called pH Optimum for that enzyme
Coupled Reactions
Energy from exergonic reactions are used to drive endergonic reactions to make ATP
NAD, FAD
Coenzymes that serve as H carriers, derived from vitamins: Niacin (B3) and Riboflavin (B12). NAD can accept 2 electrons and 1 proton (NADH+H) and FAD can accept 2 P and 2 E (FADH2)