Physiology Ch 3 Cell Structure Genetic Control

Front 1

Plasma Membrane

Back 1

Composed of double layer of phospholipids, contains proteins sometimes extending across entire width

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Pseudopods

Back 2

Some cells extend cilia or flagella

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Endocytosis

Back 3

The plasma membrane creates tube-like openings (envaginations) that allow the cell to take up molecules from outside itself.

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Phagocytosis

Back 4

A type of endocytosis where the cell extends pseudopods to create a food vacuole.

Front 5

Pinocytosis

Back 5

A type of endocytosis where a narrow furrow is formed, that fuses together after collection.

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Exocytosis

Back 6

The reverse of endocytosis, allowing the cell to excrete its products

Front 7

Microfilaments, Microtubules

Back 7

Produce a cytoskeleton that helps the organelle movement inside a cell

Front 8

Lysosomes

Back 8

(organelle) Contain digestive enzymes and are responsible for the elimination (digestion) of structures and molecules in the cell

Front 9

Mitochondria

Back 9

(organelle) Major sites for energy production within the cell

Front 10

Ribosomes

Back 10

(organelle) Small protein factories composed of ribosomal RNA and protein

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 11

System of membranous tubules in cell: granular ER is covered with ribosomes and is used in protein systhesis; agranular ER stores enzymes, and Ca2+ in muscles

Front 12

Golgi Complex

Back 12

membranous sacs that receive products from the ER, modifies them, and then releases them within vesicles.

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Cell Nucleus

Back 13

Control Station of cell, surrounded by double layered nuclear envelope which are fused by pores that allow for passage of molecules

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2 Stages of Genetic Expression

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Transcription (RNA synthesis), and Translation (protein synthesis)

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Chromatin

Back 15

Nuclear DNA that combines with protein to form this threadlike material

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Nucleosomes

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DNA is wound around regulatory proteins called histones to form particles called nucleosomes

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Euchromatin

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Chromatin that is active in directing RNA synthesis (Transcription)

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Heterochromatin

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Inactive chromatin

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4 Types of RNA

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Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA, Precursor Messenger RNA, Messenger RNA

Front 20

Pre-RNA

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A gene is transcribed to produce different mRNA molecules that code for different proteins

Front 21

Messenger RNA

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Leaves nucleus, attaches to ribosomes

Front 22

Transfer RNA

Back 22

Moves through ribosomes, pairing between tRNA anticodons and mRNA codons. The amino acid it is carrying is added to the growing polypeptide chain.

Front 23

Transcription Process

Back 23

The enzyme RNA polymerase causes separation of DNA strands, one of which serves as template for production of RNA: pairing bases of DNA and Ribonuceotides

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Ubiquitin

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Regulatory proteins targeted for destruction are tagged by binding with Ubiquitin

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Proteasome

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(organelle) consists of several protease enzymes; degrades proteins tagged by Ubiquitin

Front 26

DNA Replication

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Original DNA strands separate and form a new complementary strand by base pairing, keeping one old and one new strand

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G1 Phase (Mitosis)

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DNA directs sythesis of RNA which synthesizes proteins

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S Phase

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Directs sythesis of new DNA and replicates itself

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G2 Phase

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A brief time gap between G1 and S Phases

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Mitosis (M Stage)

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Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (I Propose Men Are Terrific!) (Feel free to customize)

Front 31

Interphase (Mitosis)

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Chromatin forms, Nucleus is visable

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Prophase (Mitosis)

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Centrosomes produce spindle fibers and line up as polar opposites, nuclear membrane begins to disappear

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Metaphase (Mitosis)

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Chromosomes line up at equator of cello, spindle fibers attach, nuclear membrane has disappeared.

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Anaphase (Mitosis)

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The centromere split and sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles

Front 35

Telophase

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Chromosomes become longer, less distinct; new nuclear membranes form; nucleolus reappears; cell division nearly complete

Front 36

Cyclins

Back 36

Proteins that regulate the progression of the cell cycle (interrupted by cancer)

Front 37

Apoptosis

Back 37

Regulated process of cell death or suicide, triggered by either external molecules or by mitochondria

Front 38

Meiosis

Back 38

A special type of cell division that results in the production of gametes in the gonads

Front 39

Epigenetic Inheritance

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Gene silencing from the gametes or early embryo, that is carried forward by cell division to all cells in body

Front 40

Prophase 1 (Meiosis)

Back 40

Chromosomes appear double stranded; each strand is called a chromatid; joined together by a centromere

Front 41

Metaphase 1 (Meiosis)

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Homologous chromosome pairs line up at equator

Front 42

Anaphase 1 (Meiosis)

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Homologous pairs separate and move to opposite poles

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Telophase 1 (Meiosis)

Back 43

Cytoplasm divides and produces two haploid cells

Front 44

Prophase 2 (Meiosis)

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Chromosomes appear, each containing two chromotids

Front 45

Metaphase 2 (Meiosis)

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Chromosomes line up single file at equator and spindle formation is completed

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Anaphase 2 (Meiosis)

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Centromeres split and chromatids move to opposite poles

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Telophase 2 (Meiosis)

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Cytoplasm divides to produce two haploid cells from each of the original haploid cells formed in Telophase 1

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Telomeres

Back 48

Serve as caps on the ends of DNA preventing enzymes from mistaking normal ends as "broken" and doing damage by trying to repair them.

Front 49

Telomeres and Aging

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DNA end regions do not replicate completely, losing from 50 to 100 base pairs with each division, ultimately causing the cell to become so degraded that it dies.

Front 50

Hydrolisis

Back 50

Process in Digestion of Polysaccharides; adds water molecules, changing Poly to Di and then to Mono

Front 51

Fluid Mosaic Model

Back 51

Describes the plasma membrane: not static

Front 52

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

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When special receptors are used to take in specific compounds

Front 53

Microvilli

Back 53

Increase the surface area to assist in absorption

Front 54

Cytoskeleton

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Latticework of microfilaments and microtubules filling cytoplasm

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Cytoplasm

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Consists of fluid-like cytosol and organelles

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Organelles

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Cytoplasmic structures that perform specialized functions for cells

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Peroxisomes

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Vesicle-like organelle containing oxidative enzymes (used to detoxify liver)

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Gene

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Lengths of DNA that code for sythesis of RNA

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Genome

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Refers to all genes in an individual or speciesw

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Proteome

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Refers to all proteins produced by a genome

Front 61

How to Match DNA/RNA Codons

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T/A
A/U
C/G

Front 62

Helicase

Back 62

Breaks H bonds to produce 2 free strands of DNA; DNA Polymerase binds to each strand and makes new complimentary copy (semiconservative replication

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Hyperplasia

Back 63

An abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or a tissue with consequent enlargement

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Hypertrophy

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An increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in the size (not the number) of its cells