Physiology, Cell Bioogy

Front 1

Approximately how much salt is in 70 kg human body?

Back 1

4,9 kg

Front 2

Approximately how much protein is in 70 kg human body?

Back 2

12,6 kg

Front 3

Approximately how much water is in 70 kg human body? And how much it is in percentage?

Back 3

42 L, 60%.

Front 4

Approximately how much fat is in 70 kg human body?

Back 4

10,5 kg

Front 5

Name at least 6 properties of cell.

Back 5

Growth;
Assimilation of materials from the environment;
Excretion waste products;
Reproduction;
Response to changes in the environment;
May exhibit motility.

Front 6

Water is polarised, what does it mean in connection with ions?

Back 6

It is suitable for dissolving ions.

Front 7

Express body fluid compartments in percentage.

Back 7

60% of TBW (total body weight) is water;
from it 40% is ICF and 20% is ECF. So there is more water inside the cells that outside.

Front 8

What parts does ECF consist of?

Back 8

Plasma (within blood vessels); interstitial fluid (surrounding cells); transcellular fluid (e.g. synovial fluid, joints, brain, heart).

Front 9

What separates ICF from ECF?

Back 9

Cell membrane.

Front 10

There is more ... in ICF than in ECF.

Back 10

Potassium, K.

Front 11

Try to draw a system of homeostatic mechanisms.

Back 11

Front 12

Name the composition of the ECF, of Na, Ca, K, HCO3, Cl in mEq/L.

Back 12

Na = 140
Ca = 2,5
K = 4
HCO3 = 24
Cl = 105

Front 13

Name the composition of ICF, of Na, Ca, K, HCO3, Cl in mEq/L.

Back 13

Na = 14
K = 120
Ca = 0,0001
Cl =10
HCO3 = 10

Front 14

What does mEq/L stands for?

Back 14

Milli Equivalent per Litre.

Front 15

In Na-K-ATPase how many ions of Na gets exchanged for how many K ions?

Back 15

For every 2 K pumped in, 3 Na gets pumped out.

Front 16

In resting membrane potential, what side of the cell is negative in relation to other side?

Back 16

Inside of the cell is negative to outside - negative potential difference.

Front 17

Who is called "father of physiology" ?

Back 17

Claude Bernard. He was the first to define the term milieu intérieur (now known as homeostasis, a term coined by Walter Bradford Cannon).

Front 18

Who was the first physiologist who used the term homeostasis?

Back 18

Walter Cannon.

Front 19

What is colligative properties?

Back 19

Colligative properties are properties of solutions that depend on the number of molecules in a given volume of solvent and not on the properties/identity (e.g. size or mass) of the molecules. Colligative properties include: relative lowering of vapor pressure; elevation of boiling point; depression of freezing point and osmotic pressure.

Front 20

What is Mole?

Back 20

The mole is a unit of measurement for the amount of substance or chemical amount.he mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities (e.g., atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) as there are atoms in 12 g of the isotope carbon-12 (12C).Thus, by definition, one mole of pure 12C has a mass of exactly 12 g.

Front 21

How much is Avogadro number?

Back 21

Front 22

What is molarity?

Back 22

A unit of concentration. The number of moles of solute per unit volume of solution, e.g. mol/L.

Front 23

What is Osmole?

Back 23

A unit of quantity. Contain Avogadro number of osmolyte particles. The amount of a substance that dissociates in solution to form one mole of osmotically active particles. It is independent of molecular weight and/or charge of solute particles.

Front 24

Give an example to explain what is osmole.

Back 24

A solution of 1 mol/L NaCl corresponds to an osmolarity of 2 osmol/L. The NaCl salt particle dissociates fully in water to become two separate particles: an Na+ ion and a Cl- ion. Therefore, each mole of NaCl becomes two osmoles in solution, one mole of Na+ and one mole of Cl-. Similarly, a solution of 1 mol/L CaCl2, gives a solution of 3 osmol/L (Ca2+ and 2 Cl-).

Front 25

What is osmolarity?

Back 25

The measurement of the activity of the solvent, the concentration of osmotically active particles in solution, which may be quantitatively expressed in osmoles of solute per liter of solution.

Front 26

What is the formula for the osmolarity calculations?

Back 26

Osmolarity = g x sum of molar concentrations of all osmolyte particles.
g - osmotic coefficient, the degree of dissociation of osmotic compounds in solution.

Front 27

How would you call a membrane that allows the passage of solvent but is impermeable to solute?

Back 27

A semipermeable membrane.

Front 28

What is the name of membrane that demonstrates varying degrees of permeability to solutes?

Back 28

A selectively permeable membrane.

Front 29

What is osmosis?

Back 29

Osmosis is a flow of solvent particles from the area of higher solvent activity (lower osmolarity) to an area of lover solvent activity (higher osmolarity) across a semipermiable membrane. Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

Front 30

What is osmotic pressure?

Back 30

The necessary pressure to stop osmosis.

Front 31

What can cause reverse osmosis?

Back 31

The application of the hydrostatic pressure greater that osmotic pressure.

Front 32

The Van't Hoff Equation.

Back 32

π = gσCRT, where:
π - Osmotic pressure (atm)
g - Osmotic coefficient
σ - Reflection coefficient
C - sum of all molar concentrations of all osmolyte particles (mol/L)
R - gas constant (l.atm/mol/k)
T - temperature (k - kelvin)

Front 33

What is osmotic pressure?

Back 33

Suction pressure.
Osmotic pressure is the pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Front 34

Tonicity?

Back 34

Tonicity is a measure of the osmotic pressure (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. It is commonly used when describing the response of cells immersed in an external solution.

Front 35

Explain tonicity of the solutions - isotonic, hypertonic, pypotonic.

Back 35

Tonicity of aqueous solutions (water with solutes, such as salt, dissolved in it) is based on cellular responses to that solution.
Solutions are isotonic if the cells or tissue neither shrink nor swell in response to immersion in that solution.
Solutions are hypertonic if the cells or tissue shrink in response to immersion.
Solutions are hypotonic if the cells or tissue swell in response to immersion.

Front 36

In which type of solution the effective pressure of ICF is the same as in ECF?

Back 36

Isotonic solution.

Front 37

Why exactly the saline 0.9% of NaCl is placed intravenously? Why now water of a saline of 7% of NaCl?

Back 37

Because that is isotonic solution to the blood. If it would be less, the cells would burst, if that would be more, cells would shrink.

Front 38

What happens if the ECF has higher effective osmotic pressure to ICF?

Back 38

Hypertonic bathing solution. The cell volume decreases and cells shrink. E.g. salt water.

Front 39

What happens if the ECF has lower effective osmotic pressure to ICF?

Back 39

Hypotonic bathing solution. The cell volume increases and the cell burst. E.g. pure water.

Front 40

Translate 1 mEq into mmol for monovalent, divalent, trivalent ions.

Back 40

For monovalent ions, 1 meq = 1 mmol
For monovilent ions, 1 meq is equal to 1 mmol (Na ions)
For divalent ions, 1 meq = 0.5 mmol (Ca ions)
For trivalent ions, 1 meq » 0.333 mmol

Front 41

How many millimoles of Mg2+ would be present in a solution containing 0.8 milliequivalents?

Back 41

0.4 millimoles

Front 42

How do you get 1 mol/L solution of some substance?

Back 42

Put 1 mole of the substance and add water till the volume reaches 1 Litre.

Front 43

Calculate the osmolarity of 155 mmol/l of NaCl? g=0.93

Back 43

Osmolarity = g x sum of all molar concentrations.
= 0.93 x (2 x 155) = 288.3 mOsm/l

Front 44

Explain the Fick's Law of simple diffusion.

Back 44

Net flux = dAΔC/x, where
d - diffusion coefficient;
A - surface area of the membrane;
C - concentration gradient;
x - thickness of the membrane.
The rate of diffusion is proportional to the surface area of the membrane and also to the concentration gradient; and inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane.

Front 45

What is the Einstein's equation says about the simple diffusion?

Back 45

The time is proportional to the distance squired. So it takes four times as long to diffuse twice as far. Small changes in the distance of diffusion makes a big changes in the time of diffusion.

Front 46

What allows the cell membrane to be permeable to the non lipid soluble substances such as sugars and amino acids?

Back 46

Facilitated diffusion (integral proteins, e.g. ion channels).

Front 47

Na-K-ATPase, Ca-ATPase, and H-K-ATPase are the wxamples of what type of transport?

Back 47

Primary active transport.

Front 48

What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

Back 48

Primary active transport utilises metabolic energy directly, SAT - indirectly. In SAT one solute moves downhill coupled with uphill transport of second solute.

Front 49

Name two types of secondary active transport.

Back 49

Cotransport/symport and countertransport/antiport.

Front 50

Give examples of cotransport.

Back 50

Na-glucose; Na-amino acids; Na-K-2Cl.

Front 51

Give examples of countertransport.

Back 51

Ca-Na exchanger; Na-H exchanger; HCO3-Cl exchanger.

Front 52

Name two types of passive transport.

Back 52

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion.

Front 53

Name types of active transport.

Back 53

Primary active transport and secondary active transport (cotransport and dountertransport).