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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
How many liters of blood are in males? Females?
Males 5-6 L
Females 4-5 L
How much of our total weight does blood comprise?
8%
What are the divisions of blood?
Plasma (fluid portion) 55%
Formed Elements (cellular portion) 45%
What are the functions of blood?
Transport, Regulate, and Protect
What does blood transport?
Respiratory Gases (O2 and CO2), nutrients, waste products, and hormones
What does blood regulate?
The volume and compisition of interstitial fluid, the pH and temperature
How does blood protect?
Hemostasis (prevention of blood loss), phagocytosis of foreign material, and production of antibodies
What is plasma made up of?
Water 90%, plasma proteins 8%, electrolytes 1%, and nutriens, respiratory gases, enzymes, hormones, and nitrogenous substances (remaining 1%)
What does water do?
It is a solvent which serves as a suspension medium and absorbs and releases heat
What are the types of plasma proteins?
Albumins, Antibodies, and Fibrinogen
What do albumins do?
They are buffers, which control blood volume and osmolarity.
What are antibodies associated with?
Protection
What does fibrinogen do?
It is associated with blood clotting
What are electrolytes and what do they do?
They are buffers and nutrients which control osmolarity
What type of nutrients can be found in plasma?
Glucose, lipids, amino acids, and vitamins
What two respiratory gases can be found in plasma?
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
What nitrogenous substances can be found in plasma?
Wastes such as Urea and Uric Acid
What are they three types of formed elements?
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets
Describe the structure of erythrocytes
Biconcave discs with no nucleus. 95% of the cell is filled with hemoglobin
Why are erythrocytes biconcave?
It increases surface area for gas exchange
How many erythrocytes are there in males? Females?
Males- 5.5 million/mm3
Females- 4.8 million/mm3
Describe the production chain of erythrocytes
They are produced in red marrow of spongy bone in respose to hypoxia.
*This stimulates the kidneys
*Kidneys release erythropoietin
*Hormone stimulates red marrow to increase production of erytrhocytes
What are the functions of erythrocytes?
Transport Oxygen (oxyhemoglobin-bright red)
Transport Carbon Dioxide (carbaminohemoglobin)
Control of pH by hemoglobin and bicarbonate ions - buffers
List the characteristics of Leukocytes
Nucleated, Phagocytic, mobile-diapedesis
How many leukocytes are there in the average human body?
6-9 Thousand/mm3
What are the two types of leukocytes?
Granular and Agranular
Give examples of Granular Leukocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and basophils
Give examples of Agranular Leukocytes
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
What are Granular Leukocytes produced by?
Red marrow (ribs, sternum and vertebrae in adults)
What are Agranular Leukocytes produced by?
Lymphoid Tissue (spleen, lymph nodes)
Neutrophil and Monocyte function
Phagocytosis of pathogens (bacteria, some fungi and viruses)
Lymphocyte function
Antibody production (b-lymphocytes)
Destruction of virus infected cells and tumor cells (t-lymphocytes)
Eosinophil Function
Kills parasitic worms, destroys antigen-antibody complexes involved with aleergic reactions, destroys histamines
Basophil Function
Production of chemicals that enhance inflammation (histamines, serotonin) and heparin (anticoagulant)
Describe the structure of thrombocytes (platelets)
no nucleus and granulated
How many thrombocytes are found in a human body?
250,000-500,000/mm3
what is the production site of thrombocytes?
Red Marrow
What is the function of thrombocytes?
They are involved with blood clotting
How many types of blood groups are there?
50
What blood group systems are the most commonly used and considered the most important?
ABO and Rh systems
What formed element has genetically determined proteins on its surface?
Erythrocytes
What do the genetically determined proteins on the surface of erythrocytes act as in other organisms?
Antigens
What antibodies appear in the 3 months after birth?
Anti-A and Anti-B
What happens when mismatched blood is transfused?
A transfusion reaction results in the agglutinization and lysis of the donors blood cells by antibodies
Describe the vascular response of hemostasis (prevention of blood loss)
damaged blood vessel constricts as a result of a nervous reflex.
Describe the Platelet Plug Formation phase of Hemostasis
Platelets adhere to the roughened adges of an injury and to eachother forming a plug in the vessel