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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many liters of blood are in males? Females?
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Males 5-6 L
Females 4-5 L |
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How much of our total weight does blood comprise?
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8%
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What are the divisions of blood?
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Plasma (fluid portion) 55%
Formed Elements (cellular portion) 45% |
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What are the functions of blood?
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Transport, Regulate, and Protect
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What does blood transport?
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Respiratory Gases (O2 and CO2), nutrients, waste products, and hormones
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What does blood regulate?
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The volume and compisition of interstitial fluid, the pH and temperature
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How does blood protect?
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Hemostasis (prevention of blood loss), phagocytosis of foreign material, and production of antibodies
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What is plasma made up of?
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Water 90%, plasma proteins 8%, electrolytes 1%, and nutriens, respiratory gases, enzymes, hormones, and nitrogenous substances (remaining 1%)
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What does water do?
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It is a solvent which serves as a suspension medium and absorbs and releases heat
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What are the types of plasma proteins?
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Albumins, Antibodies, and Fibrinogen
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What do albumins do?
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They are buffers, which control blood volume and osmolarity.
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What are antibodies associated with?
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Protection
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What does fibrinogen do?
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It is associated with blood clotting
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What are electrolytes and what do they do?
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They are buffers and nutrients which control osmolarity
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What type of nutrients can be found in plasma?
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Glucose, lipids, amino acids, and vitamins
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What two respiratory gases can be found in plasma?
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Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
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What nitrogenous substances can be found in plasma?
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Wastes such as Urea and Uric Acid
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What are they three types of formed elements?
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Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets
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Describe the structure of erythrocytes
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Biconcave discs with no nucleus. 95% of the cell is filled with hemoglobin
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Why are erythrocytes biconcave?
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It increases surface area for gas exchange
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How many erythrocytes are there in males? Females?
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Males- 5.5 million/mm3
Females- 4.8 million/mm3 |
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Describe the production chain of erythrocytes
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They are produced in red marrow of spongy bone in respose to hypoxia.
*This stimulates the kidneys *Kidneys release erythropoietin *Hormone stimulates red marrow to increase production of erytrhocytes |
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What are the functions of erythrocytes?
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Transport Oxygen (oxyhemoglobin-bright red)
Transport Carbon Dioxide (carbaminohemoglobin) Control of pH by hemoglobin and bicarbonate ions - buffers |
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List the characteristics of Leukocytes
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Nucleated, Phagocytic, mobile-diapedesis
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How many leukocytes are there in the average human body?
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6-9 Thousand/mm3
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What are the two types of leukocytes?
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Granular and Agranular
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Give examples of Granular Leukocytes
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Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and basophils
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Give examples of Agranular Leukocytes
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Lymphocytes and Monocytes
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What are Granular Leukocytes produced by?
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Red marrow (ribs, sternum and vertebrae in adults)
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What are Agranular Leukocytes produced by?
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Lymphoid Tissue (spleen, lymph nodes)
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Neutrophil and Monocyte function
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Phagocytosis of pathogens (bacteria, some fungi and viruses)
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Lymphocyte function
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Antibody production (b-lymphocytes)
Destruction of virus infected cells and tumor cells (t-lymphocytes) |
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Eosinophil Function
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Kills parasitic worms, destroys antigen-antibody complexes involved with aleergic reactions, destroys histamines
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Basophil Function
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Production of chemicals that enhance inflammation (histamines, serotonin) and heparin (anticoagulant)
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Describe the structure of thrombocytes (platelets)
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no nucleus and granulated
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How many thrombocytes are found in a human body?
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250,000-500,000/mm3
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what is the production site of thrombocytes?
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Red Marrow
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What is the function of thrombocytes?
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They are involved with blood clotting
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How many types of blood groups are there?
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50
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What blood group systems are the most commonly used and considered the most important?
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ABO and Rh systems
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What formed element has genetically determined proteins on its surface?
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Erythrocytes
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What do the genetically determined proteins on the surface of erythrocytes act as in other organisms?
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Antigens
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What antibodies appear in the 3 months after birth?
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Anti-A and Anti-B
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What happens when mismatched blood is transfused?
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A transfusion reaction results in the agglutinization and lysis of the donors blood cells by antibodies
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Describe the vascular response of hemostasis (prevention of blood loss)
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damaged blood vessel constricts as a result of a nervous reflex.
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Describe the Platelet Plug Formation phase of Hemostasis
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Platelets adhere to the roughened adges of an injury and to eachother forming a plug in the vessel
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