Physiology 75: Pituitary Hormones And Their Control By The Hypothalamus

Front 1

Anterior pituitary is derived from ...

Back 1

Rathke's pouch (pharyngeal epithelium/oral ectoderm)

Front 2

Posterior pituitary is derived from ...

Back 2

neuro-ectoderm

Front 3

6 hormones from anterior pituitary

Back 3

GH, TSH, Prolactin, FSH, LH, ACTH

Front 4

2 hormones form posterior pituitary

Back 4

ADH, Oxytocin

Front 5

GH has what effect on lipolysis?

Back 5

increases lipolysis

Front 6

GH has what effect on gluconeogenesis?

Back 6

increases gluconeogenesis

Front 7

ACTH function

Back 7

stimulate glucocorticoid and androgen production by the adrenal cortex (fasciculata and reticularis layers)

Front 8

What is made in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?

Back 8

glucocorticoids

Front 9

What is made in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?

Back 9

androgens

Front 10

5 cell types of the anterior pituitary

Back 10

Somatotropes, Lactotropes, Corticotropes, Thyrotropes, Gonadotropes

Front 11

Hormones of the posterior pituitary actually come from what part of the brain?

Back 11

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

Front 12

How do hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary?

Back 12

hypophyseal portal system

Front 13

What is the median eminence?

Back 13

part of the hypothalamus with no blood-brain barrier. where the hypothalamic nuclei can put their hormones into the hypophyseal portal system to get to the anterior pituitary

Front 14

What is the tuber cinereum?

Back 14

hypothalamus tissue that can release the regulatory hormones into the pituitary stalk

Front 15

6 regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus

Back 15

TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, GHIH (somatostatin), PIH (dopamine)

Front 16

Growth hormone has what effect on protein synthesis?

Back 16

increased synthesis

Front 17

In a patient with acromegaly, what would we expect to see regarding blood amino acid levels? (high or low)

Back 17

low. GH stimulates protein synthesis and puts amino acids into the cells

Front 18

Growth hormone has what effect on protein catabolism?

Back 18

decreased protein breakdown

Front 19

In a patient with acromegaly, what are they likely using as a primary energy source? Fats or carbs?

Back 19

Fats. GH promotes fat use for energy and decreases the ability to use sugars

Front 20

Why might acromegaly patients experience keto-acidosis?

Back 20

GH prevents use of carbs for energy by keeping glucose in the blood (opposite of insulin). this shifts the energy source to fats which puts fatty acids (and acetyl CoA) into the blood which forms ketone bodies just like in untreated diabetics

Front 21

Describe Growth Hormone's relationship to insulin.

Back 21

GH is an opposite of insulin. GH prevents glucose form entering the cells, causing blood-glucose levels to rise. this will lead to a reflexive release of insulin from the pancreas. GH and insulin are similar because both put amino acids into cells from the blood.

Front 22

Excess growth hormone mimics diabetes type ___?

Back 22

type 2. excess GH = high insulin compensation = insulin resistance = diabetes type 2

Front 23

Why wouldn't growth hormone cause growth in a person without a pancreas?

Back 23

GH needs insulin to be released reflexively. GH increases blood glucose levels and promote gluconeogenesis, but doesn't let the glucose into the cells to be used for energy, the reflexive increase in insulin is needed to make sure that the cells can actually use that glucose for the new growth that should occur

Front 24

Growth hormone stimulates (osteoblasts or osteoclasts)?

Back 24

osteoblasts to make more bone

Front 25

What are somatomedins?

Back 25

proteins made by the liver in response to growth hormone to mediate organ growth (IGF-1)

Front 26

7 factors that cause growth hormone release

Back 26

starvation, hypoglycemia, exercise, excitement, trauma, ghrelin, sleep

Front 27

In a chronic malnourished patient with excess growth hormone, administration of what compounds would help correct the growth hormone levels?

Back 27

chronic high growth hormone levels will respond best to proteins. acute high GH levels respond to glucose

Front 28

GHRH binds what type of receptors

Back 28

G-protein (cAMP mechanism)

Front 29

During starvation, growth hormones levels should ...

Back 29

rise

Front 30

What is panhypopituitarism?

Back 30

decreased secretion of all pituitary hormones

Front 31

What is Lorain dwarfism?

Back 31

normal GH production, but failure to make somatomedins (IGF)

Front 32

A patient with gigantism likely has (high or low) blood-glucose levels?

Back 32

high. GH keeps glucose in the blood and makes more glucose. type 2 diabetes will follow as the Beta cells of the pancreas become exhausted

Front 33

What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?

Back 33

gigantism is when the pituitary tumor or excess growth hormone occurs before adolescence. acromegaly is in an adult

Front 34

ADH is primarily formed where?

Back 34

supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

Front 35

Oxytocin is primarily formed where?

Back 35

paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

Front 36

If the pituitary stalk is cut (and the hypophyseal portal system is still intact), what hormones will have decreased levels?

Back 36

ADH and Oxytocin levels will acutely fall since they cant get to the posterior pituitary, but then they will just get released from the hypothalamus directly into the blood. the anterior pituitary hormones will be fine since they use the portal system which is not affected in this case

Front 37

How are ADH and Oxytocin released from the nerve endings?

Back 37

exocytosis

Front 38

ADH function

Back 38

reabsorption of water in the collecting duct of the kidneys by inserting aquaporins in the CD membrane; vasoconstriction also

Front 39

ADH binds to what type of receptors

Back 39

G protein (cAMP mechanism)

Front 40

What stimulates ADH production/secretion?

Back 40

high blood osmolarity and low blood volume/pressure

Front 41

ADH has what effect on blood pressure? Why?

Back 41

ADH increases BP by increasing fluid volume AND by vasoconstriction

Front 42

Oxytocin function

Back 42

stimulate uterine contractions for childbirth; milk ejection by breasts (myoepithelial cells)