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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How often are the slow wave frequencies in the stomach?
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3 per minute
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How often are the slow wave frequencies in the duodenum?
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12 per minute
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What are the pacemakers for the GI system?
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The interstitial cells in between the longitudinal and circular muscles.
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The Myenteric plexus releases what to induce contraction of the smooth muscle?
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Ach and substance P
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The myenteric plexus releases what to induce relaxation of the smooth muscle?
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VIP and NO.
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What happens with Hirschsprung's Disease?
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Denervation supersensitivity. Therefore a normal amount of Ach causes an abnormally strong, sustained contraction resulting in megacolon.
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What happens with Chagas's disease?
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Causes symptoms similar to Hirschsprung's Disease but causes by the south american kissing bug.
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How are the jejunum and ileum different?
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Ileum has a mechanism for passive absorption of Na+ while the jejunum doesn't.
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How is the colon different from the small intestines?
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The colon has tighter cell junctions which allows it to absorb water against an osmotic gradient.
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What is transported in the colon?
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H20, Na, Cl are absorbed and HCO3 and K are secreted.
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What do the ductile cells secrete?
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Alkaline sodium bicarbonate.
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How are bile salts made?
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From bile acids that are combined with conjugated taurine and glycine.
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What are bile salts important for?
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Emulsifying long chain fatty acids and certain di and triglycerides and the secretion of cholesterol.
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What does Questran do?
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Lowers cholesterol by binding to bile and therefore increasing bile secretion and therefore increasing cholesterol secretion.
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What does Zantac do?
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Blocks histamine release thereby reducing acid secretion by the parietal cells.
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What does Omeprazole?
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blocks H/K ATPase.
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What factors stimulate the secretion of gastrin?
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amino acids, distension of the stomach, vagal stimulation. Low pH and/or somatostatin inhibit the release of gastrin.
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What does lingual lipase breakdown?
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Triglycerides to monoglycerides.
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What happens with Zollison-Ellison Disorder?
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Tumor secreting gastrin. Ultimately leads to a poor digestion of lipids due to the high H+ in the duodenum thereby inactivating the pancreatic enzymes.
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What is the action somatostatin?
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Inhibits all three gastric hormones. Inhibits H+ gastric secretion.
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What is somatostatin inhibited by?
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By vagal stimulation.
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What hormone is involved in "receptive relaxation"?
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CCK
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What does MMC stand for?
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Myoelectric migrating complex.
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What conditions is gastric emptying the fastest?
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When the stomach contents are isotonic.
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Where is vomiting controlled?
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The medulla.
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What happens with a vagovagal reflex?
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In response to H+, small peptides, amino acids, and fatty acids in the duodenum, pancreatic enzyme secretion is stimulated.
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What is the composition of bile?
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Bile acids, salts, phospholipids and cholesterol.
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What are the actions of CCK?
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Decrease gastric emptying, secrete pancreatic juice along with enzymes and release of bile from the gall bladder.
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CCK is released by where?
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I cells
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What do choleretic agents do?
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increase the formation of bile
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What does alpha amylase do?
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breaks alpha 1,4 linkages
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What happens with glucose-galactose malabsorption?
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SGLT1 transporter has a mutation
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What has a longer half-life, peptide hormones or steroid hormones?
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steroid hormones.
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What factor determines the longevity of the half life of a steroid hormone?
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how tightly bound it is to its carrier protein.
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What are the hypothalamus hormones?
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TRH, CRH, GHRH, Somatostatin, PIF, GnRH
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Where is somatostatin synthesized?
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The hypothalamus.
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What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?
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TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH, Prolactin
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What happens with Vit D deficiency?
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Either does not have 1-alpha hydroxylase or chronic renal failure. renal osteodystrophy
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What do glucocorticoids do to bone mass?
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Excess glucocorticoids lead to a lower BMD
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What are the long term consequences of diarrhea?
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dehydration, hypokalemia, acidosis (loss of HCO3-), loss of water soluble vits, possible loss of Ca++ and fat soluble vitamins
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Where is the vomiting center?
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In the medulla in the region of the 4th ventricle.
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What's the difference between vomiting and retching?
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Retching has an inspiration against a partially closed epiglottis which lowers intrathoracic pressure. Vomiting is the reversed where there is expiration against a closed epiglottis which raises intrathoracic pressure.
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What does the liver produce for immunity function?
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Kupffer cells which are macrophages
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What are cholangiocytes?
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Biliary duct cells in the liver.
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What are the pka's of bile salts?
What needs to happen to the bile salts to make them useful? |
Neutral
They need to be conjugated with glycine or taurine. |
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What is osmolarity of bile?
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Isosmotic
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What is the components of bile pigment?
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hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes
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What is pro-colipase activated by?
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active trypsin
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Where are fats mainly absorbed in the small intestines?
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in the jejunum.
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How are bile acids regulated?
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Bile acids inhibit the first enzyme in bile acid synthesis (7-alpha hydroxylase).
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How can you test for liver function?
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See if there are elevated serum levels of alanine or aspartate transaminases. Or you can use bromosulfonphtalein test.
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What happens with Hartnup Disease?
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The neutral aa transporters are defective. Ok but may get a niacin skin rash.
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