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32 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Hypertrophy
Size increases (not #)
Hyperplasia
Increase in number
Hypoplasia
Decrease #
Metaplasia
once cell type is replaced by another (columnar for squamous)
Dysplasia
Deranged cell growth - can vary in size/shape/organization
Na/K pump
K in
Na out
What will you find in blood if someone has hepatitis?
transaminase
What will you find in blood if pt has pancreatitis?
elevated amylase/lipase
what do you know if AST is a lot greater than ALT
alcoholic
LDL
circulating lipids
what causes peroxidation?
oxygen-derived free radical
3 mechanisms of cell injury
1. damage to dna/proteins/lipid membrane/LDL via peroxidation
2.mytochondrial dysfunction
3. increase in membrane perm (esp. Ca)
effects of Ca
It's a second messenger that can activate protease, ATPase, phospholipase, endonuclease
4 ways to protect against free radicals
1, Antioxidant: vitamins A,E,C
2. Superoxide dismutase
3. Glutathione peroxide (turns H2O2 and OH into water
4. catalase (turns H2O2 into O2 and water
what does cellular swelling indicate?
Na/K pump impaired
pyknosis
degeneration and condensation of nucleus (shrunken and dark) start of death
karyorrhexis
nuclear fragmentation
karyolysis
dissolution of nucleus
coagulative necrosis
most common
esp in heart/liver/adrenal gland/spleen/kidney
due to coagulation/denaturing of proteins in cytoplasm
usually wedge-shaped
usually with ischemia & infarction
liquefaction necrosis
cellular destruction by hydrolytic enzymes and WBCs
occurs from abscess w/lots of inflammatory cellsrelease proteolytic enzymes that destroy surrounding tissues
occurs w/ infection (staph)
caseous necrosis
cheese-like
combo of coagulation and liquifaction
ch. of granulomatous inflammation
can be sign of healing-it is new tissue mixed with necrotic
found if surgical wound separates
granulomatous
pink tissue around a healing wound
fat necrosis
caused by lipase on fatty tissue
in breast/pancreas/omentum
TG released when fat cells die
saponification
saponification
lipase breaks down lipid to (-) fatty acid which attracts (+) Ca
Fibroid necrosis
fibrin deposits in walls of small/medium blood vessels
causes: malignant hypertension & polyarteritis nodosa
when vascular wall is destroyed-fibrin gets layed down
polyarteritis nodosa
vasculitis of medium-sized arteries, which become swollen and damaged from attack by rogue immune cells
gangrenous necrosis
mass of tissue undergoes necrosis
caused by thrombosis OR lack of bloodflow
bcl-2
gene that inhibits apoptosis
youth gene
during apoptosis bcl-2 is turned off
p53
suppressor gene
arests cell cycle to repair DNA and abort apoptosis
OR promotes apoptosis if DNA damage is great by activating Bax gene
Bax
gene that stimulates apoptosis
c-myc
+p53 = apoptosis
+bcl-2= inhibits apoptosis
caspase
mediates apoptosis
kills proteolytic enzyme