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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sex-Determining Region of the Y chromosome produces ? that results in male differentiation.
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Testis-Determining Factor (TDF)
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True or False
Primordial germ cells are required for TESTIS and not OVARIES. |
FALSE
only required for OVARIES NOT TEST3S!!!!! |
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What regresses Mullerian Ducts in males?
What secretes it? |
anti-Mullerian hormone
SERTOLI CELLS |
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What differentiates Wolffian Ducts into epididymis, vas deferens, etc. in the male?
What secretes it? |
Testosterone
LEYDIG CELLS |
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What is the CNS anatomical difference in males and females?
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Corpus Callosum
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Where do GnRH neurons originate?
Migration pattern? |
medial OLFACTORY PIT
migrate FOREBRAIN and HYPOTHALAMUS during 1st trimester |
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Failure of GnRH neurons to differentiate/migrate causes?
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secondary HYPOGONADISM in kallmann's syndrome
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Theca cells lack what enzyme in steroidogenesis?
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CYP19 AROMATASE
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Serum cholesterol comes from diet or de novo syntehsis from ?
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Acetate
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after transport by ?, cholesterol is metabolized to PROGESTINS in the ?
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Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR)
Mitochondria |
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? masculizes the EXTERNAL genitalia in males
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Dihydrotestosterone
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? stimulates growth but not differentiation of female INTERNAL structures and EXTERNAL genitalia
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Estradiol
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? mediated by intracellular receptors that regulate gene transcription.
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Genomic Steroid Actions
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? mediated by membrane-bound receptors.
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Non-Genomic Steroid Actions
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? causes a GENETIC and GONADAL MALE but presents a FEMALE PHENOTYPE
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5α Reductase Deficient
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PULSATILE release of ? precisely regulates anterior pituitary synthesis and Pulsatile secretion of Gonadotropin hormones.
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GnRH
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True or False
Continuous presence of NON-PULSATILE GnRH secretion ATTENUATES secretion of LH and FSH |
True
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Describe the typical structure of a glycoprotein gonadotropin hormone
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Alpha subunit --> common
Beta subunit --> confers hormone SPECIFICITY carbohydrate moiety --> half life |
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The alpha subunit is the same for what 4 hormones?
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LH
FSH TSH HCG |
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FSH isoforms with HIGH BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY have ? and ?
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small amounts of SIALIC ACID
SHORT HALF-LIVES |
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? acts on the anterior pituitary to selectively suppress synthesis and release of FSH in males and females
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Inhibin
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? contains two beta INHIBIN subunits and selectively stimulates FSH release and has local paracrine actions in the gonads and other tissues
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Activin
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What two changes affect SEXUAL MATURATION?
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direct drive of LH and FSH secretion
sensitivity to STEROID NEGATIVE FEEDBACK |
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In what stage are concentrations of LH and FSH in circulation are high and INDEPENDENT of GnRH secretion.
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Sexual Differentiation
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Stage II - Immature Quiescence is a consequence of ? and ?
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Reduced Hypothalamic GnRH release
Heightened sensitivity to gonadal steroid feedback |
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? binds to specific receptors on LEYDIG or THECCA cells and facilitates LH-STIMULATED SECRETION of gonadal steroids.
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Prolactin
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What are the 3 Endocrine Stages of Sexual Maturation
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stage I - SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION
stage II - IMMATURE QUIESCENCE stage III - Phenotype of Puberty / Endocrinology of Puberty |
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Describe Stage I of endocrine sexual maturation
Sexual Differentiation |
LH and FSH are HIGH in circulation INDEPENDENT of GnRH
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Describe Stage II of endocrine sexual maturation
Immature Quiescence |
defined by a HYPERSENSITIVITY to the negative feedback effect of gonadal steroids to inhibit gonadotropin secretions
low GnRH > low LH secretion > low production of gonadal steroids |
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Describe Stage III of sexual maturation
Phenotype of Puberty |
appearance of secondary sex characteristics
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Describe Stage III of sexual maturation
Endocrinology of Puberty |
GnRH secretory activity resumes due to increased sensitivity of GnRH neurons to--
-GLUTAMATE -KISSPEPTIN -GABAergic regulation |
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? is thought to promote the increases of ? receptors in ovarian granulosa cells.
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FSH
promotes increase LH receptors |
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What are the 5 Tanner stages?
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stage 1 -> preadolescence prepubertal in both sexes
stage 2 -> begins enlargement of testes / breast buds stage 3 -> penile enlargement / breast growth stage 4 -> growth of glans penis / projection of areola stage 5 -> adult genitalia / adult breasts |
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? is the process of breast development that is stimulated by increase secretion of estrogens at onset of puberty.
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Thelarche
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What term is used to describe the prepuberty increases in adrenal androgens of DHEA and DHEAS that contribute to development of auxiliary and pubic hair.
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Adrenarche
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The term that describe premature sexual development due to either GnRH-dependent or -independent.
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Precocious Puberty
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