Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Four phases of Cardiac Cycle
|
Filling
Isovolumetric Contraction Ejection Isovolumetric Relaxation |
|
Tricuspid valve
|
right atrium -> right ventricle
|
|
Pulmonary Valve
|
Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary artery
|
|
Mitral Valve
|
Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle
|
|
Aortic Valve
|
Left Ventricle -> Aorta
|
|
Diastole
|
Entire period during which isovolumetric relaxation and filling occur
|
|
Systole
|
Entire period during which isovolumetric contraction and ejection occur
|
|
Formula for Cardiac Output
|
Heart Rate * Stroke Volume
|
|
Arteries
|
Highest Pressure
|
|
Arterioles
|
Smooth Muscle
Greatest Resistance Greatest Resistance Drop |
|
Capillaries
|
Greatest Cross-section
|
|
Venules & Veins
|
Greatest Volume
|
|
Systolic Pressure
|
Maximum Pressure required to force blood through a cuffed artery
|
|
Diastolic Pressure
|
Minimum Pressure required to force blood through a cuffed artery
|
|
During Filling, Pressure in Ventricle is ______ in atrium
|
During Filling, Pressure in Ventricle is _the same as_ in atrium
|
|
Phases are heart cycle are determined by . . .
|
Phases are heart cycle are determined by . . . opening/closing of valves
|
|
Volume of Ventricle _____ During ejection phase of Heart cycle
|
Volume of Ventricle _decreases_ During ejection phase of Heart cycle
|
|
Stroke Volume is equal to the change in ______ volume that occurs during _____
|
Volume is equal to the change in _ventricular_ volume that occurs during _ejection_
|
|
During Filling, arterial pressure is ______ than ventricular pressure, so the aortic valve is ______
|
During Filling, arterial pressure is _greater_ than ventricular pressure, so the aortic valve is _closed_
|
|
During isovolumetric contraction, the _______ closes when the contracting _______ exceeds the pressure in the ___________
|
During isovolumetric contraction, the _mitral valve_ closes when the contracting _ventricle_ exceeds the pressure in the _atrium_
|
|
Throughout isovolumetric contraction, ventricular pressure is ______ than atrial pressure, but ______ than arterial pressure
|
Throughout isovolumetric contraction, ventricular pressure is _higher_ than atrial pressure, but _lower_ than arterial pressure
|
|
During isovolumetric contraction, _______ and ______ are closed and blood can neither enter nor leave the ______
|
During isovolumetric contraction, _mitral_ and _aortic_ valves are closed and blood can neither enter nor leave the _ventricle_
|
|
Stroke Volume = ____ volume - ____ volume
|
Stroke Volume = _End-Diatstole_ volume - _End-Systole_ Volume
|
|
The pulsatile nature of Blood pressure causes arterial blood to _____ during systole and ____ during diastole
|
The pulsatile nature of Blood pressure causes arterial blood to _rise_ during systole and _fall_ during diastole
|
|
Blood pressure is expressed in terms of . . .
|
Blood pressure is expressed in terms of . . . maximum systolic pressure and minimum diastolic pressure
|
|
The stroke volume is the . . .
|
The stroke volume is the . . . volume of blood ejected by the ventricle
|
|
During isovolumetric relaxation, the _____ & _____ valves close because the pressure in the relaxing ventricle is _______ than the _______ pressure, but higher than the ______ pressure
|
During isovolumetric relaxation, the _mitral_ & _aortic_ valves close because the pressure in the relaxing ventricle is _lower_ than the _arterial_ pressure, but higher than the _atrial_ pressure
|
|
The mitral valve opens when _______ pressure falls to meet the _______ pressure and the next filling phase begins
|
The mitral valve opens when _ventricular_ pressure falls to meet the _atrial_ pressure and the next filling phase begins
|
|
Cardiac muscle is similar to skeletal muscle in that the release of _____ into the _____, which bind _____ ,causes a ________
|
Cardiac muscle is similar to skeletal muscle in that the release of _calcium ions_ into the _sarcoplasmic reticulum_, which bind _troponin_, causes a _muscle contraction_
|
|
Arterial Pressure can be raised by increase in _________ and/or increase in _________
|
Arterial Pressure can be raised by increase in _cardiac output_ and/or increase in _total peripheral resistance_
|
|
Blood Pressure is raised or lowered by a increase or decrease in _______
|
Blood Pressure is raised or lowered by a increase or decrease in _blood volume_
|
|
Resistance to blood flow depends on both the ________ of the blood and the ________ of the arterioles
|
Resistance to blood flow depends on both the _hermatocrit_ of the blood and the _diameter_ of the arterioles
|
|
Hermatocrit determines the _____ of blood
|
Hermatocrit determines the _Viscosity_ of blood
|
|
The resistance of a cylinder varies inversely with the ______ of its radius
|
The resistance of a cylinder varies inversely with the _fourth power_ of its radius
|
|
The blood flow to individual vascular beds is regulated by adjustments in the diameter of _________
|
The blood flow to individual vascular beds is regulated by adjustments in the diameter of _arterioles_
|
|
The diameter of arterioles depends on the combined effects of _______, ______ & ________ factors
|
The diameter of arterioles depends on the combined effects of _mechanical_, _neural_ & _chemical_ factors
|
|
Transmural Pressure:
|
The amount by which the pressure inside a vessel exceeds the pressure outside
|
|
Because of their elasticity, blood vessels _______ when their transmural pressure _______
|
Because of their elasticity, blood vessels _dilate/constrict_ when their transmural pressure _increases/decreases_
|
|
Norepinephrine released by sympathetic nerve endings combines with alpha receptors in the smooth muscle of the blood vessels and causes _________ of both the arterioles and veins
|
Norepinephrine released by sympathetic nerve endings combines with alpha receptors in the smooth muscle of the blood vessels and causes _constriction_ of both the arterioles and veins
|
|
Vasoconstriction
|
Constriction of arterioles
|
|
Venoconstriction
|
Constriction of veins
|
|
Chemical Factors that influence the contraction of vascular smooth muscle
|
Levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide & acidity
|
|
Arterioles _____ when exposed to blood with a low level of ______, a high level of _________ or a low _____
|
Arterioles _dilate_ when when exposed to blood with a low level of _oxygen_, a high level of _carbon dioxide_ or a low _pH_
|
|
Hypoxemia
|
Low levels of oxygen
|
|
Hypercarbia
|
High levels of carbon dioxide
|
|
Acidosis
|
Low pH
|
|
Autoregulation
|
The process whereby vascular beds regulate their blood flow in accordance with the metabolism of the tissues they supply
|
|
TPR stands for
|
Total Peripheral Resistance
|
|
TPR is
|
Resistance of total systemic output
|
|
Pressure = ___ * ____
|
Pressure = _Flow_ * _Resistance_
|
|
Edema
|
Excess fluid in tissues
|
|
Lymphatic Circulation
|
System of vessels that transports lymph and returns it back to the blood
|
|
lymph
|
fluid derived from interstitial space made up of plasma and proteins
|
|
Thoracic duct
|
Where lymph from the lower-left of the body re-enters circulation at the left subclavian vein
|
|
Right duct
|
Where lymph from the lower-right of the body re-enters circulation at the right subclavian vein
|
|
Flow of lymph depends on the lymphatic ____ and the ____ muscle in it's wall
|
Flow of lymph depends on the lymphatic _pump_ and the _smooth_ muscle in it's wall
|
|
Cardiac muscle contracts ____ forcefully if it is stretched prior to contraction
|
Cardiac muscle contracts _more_ forcefully if it is stretched prior to contraction
|
|
At rest and during mild exercise, cardiac output is determined by peripheral factors that limit __________
|
At rest and during mild exercise, cardiac output is determined by peripheral factors that limit _venous return_
|
|
During strenuous exercise, cardiac output is limited by cardiac factors that limit . . . .
|
During strenuous exercise, cardiac output is limited by cardiac factors that limit . . . . the ability of the heart to pump blood
|
|
Factors producing hypereffective heart
|
1. Sympathetic stimulation
2. Cardiac Hypertrophy 3. Inhibition of parasympathetics |
|
Factors producing hypoeffective heart
|
1. Myocardial infarction
2. Valvular Heart Disease 3. Parasympathetic Stimulation 4. Vagal Stimulation 5. Cardiac Anoxia |
|
Myocardial infarction
|
Interruption of blood supply to the heart (Heart Attack)
|
|
Chemical Agents that contract vascular smooth muscle, maintaining arterial blood pressure:
|
Epinephrine
Angiotensin ADH |
|
Arterial Blood pressure can be regulated by mechanisms that adjust:
|
1. Cardiac Output
2. Total Peripheral Resistance 3. Blood Volume |
|
Short-Term regulation of Arterial Pressure:
|
Baroreceptor reflexes that adjust cardiac output and TPR
|
|
Intermediate-Term regulation of Arterial Pressure:
|
Capillary-fluid shift mechanism & renin-angiotensin system
|
|
Capillary-fluid shift mechanism . . .
|
. . . adjusts Blood Volume
|
|
Renin-angiotensin system . . .
|
. . . adjusts TPR and Blood Volume
|
|
Long-Term regulation of Arterial Pressure:
|
Kidney-Body fluid system
|
|
Kidney-Body fluid system
|
increases blood volume when pressure is low and decreases blood volume when pressure is high
|
|
End Diastole Pressure _ Atrial Pressure
|
End Diastole Pressure _=_ Atrial Pressure
|
|
Baroreceptors are:
|
Sensory receptors that respond to the stretch of the arterial walls in which they reside
|
|
Baroreceptors are located:
|
at the carotid sinus (input to the brain) and the aortic arch (output of the heart)
|
|
Baroreceptors work by:
|
Generating neural signals related to the blood pressure as well as its rate of change, and transmitting these signals to cardiovascular control centers in the brain
|
|
Parasympathetic impulses from the cardiovascular control center _______ heart rate and ______ myocardial contractility
|
Parasympathetic impulses from the cardiovascular control center _decrease_ heart rate and _decrease_ myocardial contractility
|
|
Sympathetic impulses from the cardiovascular control center _______ heart rate and ______ myocardial contractility and cause ________
|
Sympathetic impulses from the cardiovascular control center _increase_ heart rate and _increase_ myocardial contractility and cause _veno/vasoconstrictioon_
|
|
Vasoconstriction ______ blood pressure by ________
|
Vasoconstriction _increases_ blood pressure by _increasing TPR_
|
|
Venoconstriction ______ venous return by ________
|
Venoconstriction _increases_ venous return by _mobilizing blood in the veins_
|
|
Hypotension
|
Immediate fall in arterial blood pressure
|
|
Hypotension due to a loss of blood volume causes the baroreceptors to . . .. causing . . .
|
Hypotension due to a loss of blood volume causes the baroreceptors to . . . send fewer inhibitory impulses to the cardiovascular control center, causing a decrease in parasympathetic output to the heart and to increase its sympathetic output to the heart and the circuit
|
|
Contractility
|
Ability of the heart to contract independent of preload and afterload
|