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81 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Four phases of Cardiac Cycle
Filling
Isovolumetric Contraction
Ejection
Isovolumetric Relaxation
Tricuspid valve
right atrium -> right ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary artery
Mitral Valve
Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Left Ventricle -> Aorta
Diastole
Entire period during which isovolumetric relaxation and filling occur
Systole
Entire period during which isovolumetric contraction and ejection occur
Formula for Cardiac Output
Heart Rate * Stroke Volume
Arteries
Highest Pressure
Arterioles
Smooth Muscle
Greatest Resistance
Greatest Resistance Drop
Capillaries
Greatest Cross-section
Venules & Veins
Greatest Volume
Systolic Pressure
Maximum Pressure required to force blood through a cuffed artery
Diastolic Pressure
Minimum Pressure required to force blood through a cuffed artery
During Filling, Pressure in Ventricle is ______ in atrium
During Filling, Pressure in Ventricle is _the same as_ in atrium
Phases are heart cycle are determined by . . .
Phases are heart cycle are determined by . . . opening/closing of valves
Volume of Ventricle _____ During ejection phase of Heart cycle
Volume of Ventricle _decreases_ During ejection phase of Heart cycle
Stroke Volume is equal to the change in ______ volume that occurs during _____
Volume is equal to the change in _ventricular_ volume that occurs during _ejection_
During Filling, arterial pressure is ______ than ventricular pressure, so the aortic valve is ______
During Filling, arterial pressure is _greater_ than ventricular pressure, so the aortic valve is _closed_
During isovolumetric contraction, the _______ closes when the contracting _______ exceeds the pressure in the ___________
During isovolumetric contraction, the _mitral valve_ closes when the contracting _ventricle_ exceeds the pressure in the _atrium_
Throughout isovolumetric contraction, ventricular pressure is ______ than atrial pressure, but ______ than arterial pressure
Throughout isovolumetric contraction, ventricular pressure is _higher_ than atrial pressure, but _lower_ than arterial pressure
During isovolumetric contraction, _______ and ______ are closed and blood can neither enter nor leave the ______
During isovolumetric contraction, _mitral_ and _aortic_ valves are closed and blood can neither enter nor leave the _ventricle_
Stroke Volume = ____ volume - ____ volume
Stroke Volume = _End-Diatstole_ volume - _End-Systole_ Volume
The pulsatile nature of Blood pressure causes arterial blood to _____ during systole and ____ during diastole
The pulsatile nature of Blood pressure causes arterial blood to _rise_ during systole and _fall_ during diastole
Blood pressure is expressed in terms of . . .
Blood pressure is expressed in terms of . . . maximum systolic pressure and minimum diastolic pressure
The stroke volume is the . . .
The stroke volume is the . . . volume of blood ejected by the ventricle
During isovolumetric relaxation, the _____ & _____ valves close because the pressure in the relaxing ventricle is _______ than the _______ pressure, but higher than the ______ pressure
During isovolumetric relaxation, the _mitral_ & _aortic_ valves close because the pressure in the relaxing ventricle is _lower_ than the _arterial_ pressure, but higher than the _atrial_ pressure
The mitral valve opens when _______ pressure falls to meet the _______ pressure and the next filling phase begins
The mitral valve opens when _ventricular_ pressure falls to meet the _atrial_ pressure and the next filling phase begins
Cardiac muscle is similar to skeletal muscle in that the release of _____ into the _____, which bind _____ ,causes a ________
Cardiac muscle is similar to skeletal muscle in that the release of _calcium ions_ into the _sarcoplasmic reticulum_, which bind _troponin_, causes a _muscle contraction_
Arterial Pressure can be raised by increase in _________ and/or increase in _________
Arterial Pressure can be raised by increase in _cardiac output_ and/or increase in _total peripheral resistance_
Blood Pressure is raised or lowered by a increase or decrease in _______
Blood Pressure is raised or lowered by a increase or decrease in _blood volume_
Resistance to blood flow depends on both the ________ of the blood and the ________ of the arterioles
Resistance to blood flow depends on both the _hermatocrit_ of the blood and the _diameter_ of the arterioles
Hermatocrit determines the _____ of blood
Hermatocrit determines the _Viscosity_ of blood
The resistance of a cylinder varies inversely with the ______ of its radius
The resistance of a cylinder varies inversely with the _fourth power_ of its radius
The blood flow to individual vascular beds is regulated by adjustments in the diameter of _________
The blood flow to individual vascular beds is regulated by adjustments in the diameter of _arterioles_
The diameter of arterioles depends on the combined effects of _______, ______ & ________ factors
The diameter of arterioles depends on the combined effects of _mechanical_, _neural_ & _chemical_ factors
Transmural Pressure:
The amount by which the pressure inside a vessel exceeds the pressure outside
Because of their elasticity, blood vessels _______ when their transmural pressure _______
Because of their elasticity, blood vessels _dilate/constrict_ when their transmural pressure _increases/decreases_
Norepinephrine released by sympathetic nerve endings combines with alpha receptors in the smooth muscle of the blood vessels and causes _________ of both the arterioles and veins
Norepinephrine released by sympathetic nerve endings combines with alpha receptors in the smooth muscle of the blood vessels and causes _constriction_ of both the arterioles and veins
Vasoconstriction
Constriction of arterioles
Venoconstriction
Constriction of veins
Chemical Factors that influence the contraction of vascular smooth muscle
Levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide & acidity
Arterioles _____ when exposed to blood with a low level of ______, a high level of _________ or a low _____
Arterioles _dilate_ when when exposed to blood with a low level of _oxygen_, a high level of _carbon dioxide_ or a low _pH_
Hypoxemia
Low levels of oxygen
Hypercarbia
High levels of carbon dioxide
Acidosis
Low pH
Autoregulation
The process whereby vascular beds regulate their blood flow in accordance with the metabolism of the tissues they supply
TPR stands for
Total Peripheral Resistance
TPR is
Resistance of total systemic output
Pressure = ___ * ____
Pressure = _Flow_ * _Resistance_
Edema
Excess fluid in tissues
Lymphatic Circulation
System of vessels that transports lymph and returns it back to the blood
lymph
fluid derived from interstitial space made up of plasma and proteins
Thoracic duct
Where lymph from the lower-left of the body re-enters circulation at the left subclavian vein
Right duct
Where lymph from the lower-right of the body re-enters circulation at the right subclavian vein
Flow of lymph depends on the lymphatic ____ and the ____ muscle in it's wall
Flow of lymph depends on the lymphatic _pump_ and the _smooth_ muscle in it's wall
Cardiac muscle contracts ____ forcefully if it is stretched prior to contraction
Cardiac muscle contracts _more_ forcefully if it is stretched prior to contraction
At rest and during mild exercise, cardiac output is determined by peripheral factors that limit __________
At rest and during mild exercise, cardiac output is determined by peripheral factors that limit _venous return_
During strenuous exercise, cardiac output is limited by cardiac factors that limit . . . .
During strenuous exercise, cardiac output is limited by cardiac factors that limit . . . . the ability of the heart to pump blood
Factors producing hypereffective heart
1. Sympathetic stimulation
2. Cardiac Hypertrophy
3. Inhibition of parasympathetics
Factors producing hypoeffective heart
1. Myocardial infarction
2. Valvular Heart Disease
3. Parasympathetic Stimulation
4. Vagal Stimulation
5. Cardiac Anoxia
Myocardial infarction
Interruption of blood supply to the heart (Heart Attack)
Chemical Agents that contract vascular smooth muscle, maintaining arterial blood pressure:
Epinephrine
Angiotensin
ADH
Arterial Blood pressure can be regulated by mechanisms that adjust:
1. Cardiac Output
2. Total Peripheral Resistance
3. Blood Volume
Short-Term regulation of Arterial Pressure:
Baroreceptor reflexes that adjust cardiac output and TPR
Intermediate-Term regulation of Arterial Pressure:
Capillary-fluid shift mechanism & renin-angiotensin system
Capillary-fluid shift mechanism . . .
. . . adjusts Blood Volume
Renin-angiotensin system . . .
. . . adjusts TPR and Blood Volume
Long-Term regulation of Arterial Pressure:
Kidney-Body fluid system
Kidney-Body fluid system
increases blood volume when pressure is low and decreases blood volume when pressure is high
End Diastole Pressure _ Atrial Pressure
End Diastole Pressure _=_ Atrial Pressure
Baroreceptors are:
Sensory receptors that respond to the stretch of the arterial walls in which they reside
Baroreceptors are located:
at the carotid sinus (input to the brain) and the aortic arch (output of the heart)
Baroreceptors work by:
Generating neural signals related to the blood pressure as well as its rate of change, and transmitting these signals to cardiovascular control centers in the brain
Parasympathetic impulses from the cardiovascular control center _______ heart rate and ______ myocardial contractility
Parasympathetic impulses from the cardiovascular control center _decrease_ heart rate and _decrease_ myocardial contractility
Sympathetic impulses from the cardiovascular control center _______ heart rate and ______ myocardial contractility and cause ________
Sympathetic impulses from the cardiovascular control center _increase_ heart rate and _increase_ myocardial contractility and cause _veno/vasoconstrictioon_
Vasoconstriction ______ blood pressure by ________
Vasoconstriction _increases_ blood pressure by _increasing TPR_
Venoconstriction ______ venous return by ________
Venoconstriction _increases_ venous return by _mobilizing blood in the veins_
Hypotension
Immediate fall in arterial blood pressure
Hypotension due to a loss of blood volume causes the baroreceptors to . . .. causing . . .
Hypotension due to a loss of blood volume causes the baroreceptors to . . . send fewer inhibitory impulses to the cardiovascular control center, causing a decrease in parasympathetic output to the heart and to increase its sympathetic output to the heart and the circuit
Contractility
Ability of the heart to contract independent of preload and afterload