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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2 types of sleep
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slow wave sleep and REM
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Vivid dreaming occurs during which type of sleep?
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REM
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The first hour of sleep is which type of sleep?
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slow-wave sleep
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It is easier to wake a person up during which type of sleep?
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slow wave (but most people awake spontaneously during REM)
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What happens to heart and respiratory rate during REM?
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irregular = dream state
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Irregular muscle movements are seen during which type of sleep?
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REM
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Which type of sleep is called paradoxical sleep? Why?
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REM, brain activity is increased despite being asleep
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What is the passive theory of sleep?
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the reticular activating system of the body (responsible for excitation/consciousness) became fatigued
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Current hypotheses think sleep is an active inhibitory process. Why? What experiment suggested this?
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if the brain is separated from its spinal cord at the mid-pontine level, the cortex doesn't ever "fall asleep". meaning that something below the mid-pontine level actively puts the cortex to sleep by inhibition
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Which neurotransmitter plays a major role in sleep?
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serotonin
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Stimulation of sleep is caused by which nuclei?
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raphe nuclei in the lower pons and medulla; nucleus of tractus solitarus; thalamic nuclei
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A bilateral lesion of the raphe nucleus would lead to what symptoms in a patient?
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intense wakefulness; inability to induce sleep
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Ach has what effect on REM sleep?
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increases occurrence of REM
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A patient has elevated levels of muramyl peptide in their blood. What can we deduce from this?
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they have most likely been lacking sleep for days
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Wakefulness uses what type of feedback system?
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positive feedback. once released from inhibition, the reticular center activates the cortex
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Alpha brain waves represent ...
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normal thinking while awake
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Beta brain waves represent ...
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focused thought while awake
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Theta brain waves represent ...
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normal awake thinking in children; distress in adults
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Delta brain waves represent ...
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deep sleep, infancy, disease
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Brain wave intensity is dependent on ...
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summation of many neurons firing simultaneously. this is the only way the potential will be great enough to be sensed on the surface of the scalp
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Why are the alpha waves replaced by beta waves when light is shined in the eyes?
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beta waves represent focused thought. light shining in the eyes focuses the thought on the visual stimulus rather than general cognition = beta waves
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Where do alpha waves come from?
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corticothalamic system; thalamus involvement is essential for alpha waves
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Where do delta waves come from?
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cortex itself, independent of lower structure
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As brain activity increases, what happens to frequency on the EEG?
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increases
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During periods of mental activity, what happens to the voltage (amplitude) on the EEG? WHy does this happen?
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decreases. as mental activity increases, the waves become more asynchronous. the opposing polarities of asynchronous (even opposite) neurons summate to no net voltage
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Stage 2, 3 slow sleep shows what waves?
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theta
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Stage 4 slow sleep shows what waves?
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delta
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REM sleep shows what waves?
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beta
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What is desynchronized sleep?
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REM sleep is called this because neuron firing is more random
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What causes epilepsy?
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neurons resting potential is near/above the threshold of excitement
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3 types of epilepsy
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grand mal, petit mal, focal epilepsy
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What is grand mal epilepsy?
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extreme neuronal discharge in the entire brain; followed by stupor
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What causes grand mal epilepsy?
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activation of the thalamus, cortex or even sub-thalamic activating centers. this is done by hypoglycemia, pentylenetetrazol, electric current in labs. in patients it is caused by: lights, emotions, alkalosis, drugs
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How does a grand mal attack stop?
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neuron fatigue or inhibition
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What is petit mal epilepsy?
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brief unconsciousness with twitching; corticothalamic activating system problem
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A patient's EEG shows a "spike and dome pattern". What is likely happening to the patient currently?
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petit mal attack
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What causes Parkinson's disease?
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loss of neurons from substantia nigra = less dopamine secretion
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Depression is caused by lack of which 2 neurotransmitters?
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norepinephrine and/or serotonin
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Why would reserpine cause depression?
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reserpine blocks the secretion of norpeinephrine and serotonin = depression
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Schizophrenia is typically reproduced in animals with lesions in what part of the brain?
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pre-frontal cortex
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Why does Parkinson's lead to schizophrenia?
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Parkinson's doesn't, but the treatment of parkinson's with l-Dopa does lead to schizophrenia sometimes. Excess dopamine (Parkinson's drug overdose) depresses pre-frontal lobe activity = schizophrenia
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How does haloperidol help schizophrenia?
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decreases dopamine levels
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A patient was found to have increased levels of brain beta amyloid peptide. What is a common diagnosis?
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Alzheimer's
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Why does Down's Syndrome lead to increase Alzheimer's risk?
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extra 21 chromosome = extra amyloid precursor protein = more likely beta amyloid peptide increase = Alzheimer's
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A patient was found to have increased levels of brain beta amyloid peptide. What is a common diagnosis?
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Alzheimer's
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Why does Down's Syndrome lead to increase Alzheimer's risk?
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extra 21 chromosome = extra amyloid precursor protein = more likely beta amyloid peptide increase = Alzheimer's
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