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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
2 types of sleep
slow wave sleep and REM
Vivid dreaming occurs during which type of sleep?
REM
The first hour of sleep is which type of sleep?
slow-wave sleep
It is easier to wake a person up during which type of sleep?
slow wave (but most people awake spontaneously during REM)
What happens to heart and respiratory rate during REM?
irregular = dream state
Irregular muscle movements are seen during which type of sleep?
REM
Which type of sleep is called paradoxical sleep? Why?
REM, brain activity is increased despite being asleep
What is the passive theory of sleep?
the reticular activating system of the body (responsible for excitation/consciousness) became fatigued
Current hypotheses think sleep is an active inhibitory process. Why? What experiment suggested this?
if the brain is separated from its spinal cord at the mid-pontine level, the cortex doesn't ever "fall asleep". meaning that something below the mid-pontine level actively puts the cortex to sleep by inhibition
Which neurotransmitter plays a major role in sleep?
serotonin
Stimulation of sleep is caused by which nuclei?
raphe nuclei in the lower pons and medulla; nucleus of tractus solitarus; thalamic nuclei
A bilateral lesion of the raphe nucleus would lead to what symptoms in a patient?
intense wakefulness; inability to induce sleep
Ach has what effect on REM sleep?
increases occurrence of REM
A patient has elevated levels of muramyl peptide in their blood. What can we deduce from this?
they have most likely been lacking sleep for days
Wakefulness uses what type of feedback system?
positive feedback. once released from inhibition, the reticular center activates the cortex
Alpha brain waves represent ...
normal thinking while awake
Beta brain waves represent ...
focused thought while awake
Theta brain waves represent ...
normal awake thinking in children; distress in adults
Delta brain waves represent ...
deep sleep, infancy, disease
Brain wave intensity is dependent on ...
summation of many neurons firing simultaneously. this is the only way the potential will be great enough to be sensed on the surface of the scalp
Why are the alpha waves replaced by beta waves when light is shined in the eyes?
beta waves represent focused thought. light shining in the eyes focuses the thought on the visual stimulus rather than general cognition = beta waves
Where do alpha waves come from?
corticothalamic system; thalamus involvement is essential for alpha waves
Where do delta waves come from?
cortex itself, independent of lower structure
As brain activity increases, what happens to frequency on the EEG?
increases
During periods of mental activity, what happens to the voltage (amplitude) on the EEG? WHy does this happen?
decreases. as mental activity increases, the waves become more asynchronous. the opposing polarities of asynchronous (even opposite) neurons summate to no net voltage
Stage 2, 3 slow sleep shows what waves?
theta
Stage 4 slow sleep shows what waves?
delta
REM sleep shows what waves?
beta
What is desynchronized sleep?
REM sleep is called this because neuron firing is more random
What causes epilepsy?
neurons resting potential is near/above the threshold of excitement
3 types of epilepsy
grand mal, petit mal, focal epilepsy
What is grand mal epilepsy?
extreme neuronal discharge in the entire brain; followed by stupor
What causes grand mal epilepsy?
activation of the thalamus, cortex or even sub-thalamic activating centers. this is done by hypoglycemia, pentylenetetrazol, electric current in labs. in patients it is caused by: lights, emotions, alkalosis, drugs
How does a grand mal attack stop?
neuron fatigue or inhibition
What is petit mal epilepsy?
brief unconsciousness with twitching; corticothalamic activating system problem
A patient's EEG shows a "spike and dome pattern". What is likely happening to the patient currently?
petit mal attack
What causes Parkinson's disease?
loss of neurons from substantia nigra = less dopamine secretion
Depression is caused by lack of which 2 neurotransmitters?
norepinephrine and/or serotonin
Why would reserpine cause depression?
reserpine blocks the secretion of norpeinephrine and serotonin = depression
Schizophrenia is typically reproduced in animals with lesions in what part of the brain?
pre-frontal cortex
Why does Parkinson's lead to schizophrenia?
Parkinson's doesn't, but the treatment of parkinson's with l-Dopa does lead to schizophrenia sometimes. Excess dopamine (Parkinson's drug overdose) depresses pre-frontal lobe activity = schizophrenia
How does haloperidol help schizophrenia?
decreases dopamine levels
A patient was found to have increased levels of brain beta amyloid peptide. What is a common diagnosis?
Alzheimer's
Why does Down's Syndrome lead to increase Alzheimer's risk?
extra 21 chromosome = extra amyloid precursor protein = more likely beta amyloid peptide increase = Alzheimer's
A patient was found to have increased levels of brain beta amyloid peptide. What is a common diagnosis?
Alzheimer's
Why does Down's Syndrome lead to increase Alzheimer's risk?
extra 21 chromosome = extra amyloid precursor protein = more likely beta amyloid peptide increase = Alzheimer's