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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cranial Nerve I and function |
Olfactory - Olfaction (s) |
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Cranial Nerve II and function |
Optic and vision(s) |
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Cranial Nerve III and function |
Oculomotor and intrinsic eye muscles(m) |
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Cranial Nerve IV and function |
Trochlear and controls one ocular muscle (m) |
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Cranial nerve V and function |
Trigeminal and controls chewing and facial muscles (b) |
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Cranial nerve VI and function |
Abducens and last ocular muscle (m) |
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Cranial Nerve VIII and function |
Vestibulocochlear and controls hearing/balance (s) |
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Cranial Nerve VII and fxn |
Facial: face and tongue; lacrimal and saliva glands (b) |
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Cranial Nerve XI and fxn |
Glossopharyngeal - controls the pharynx and tongue; salivary glands (b) |
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Cranial nerve X and function |
Vagus - controls larynx/pharynx (m) and pharynx taste, internal organs (s) |
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Cranial Nerve XI and function |
Spinal Accessory - neck, throat and shoulder (m) |
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Cranial Nerve XII and fxn |
Hypoglossal - tongue muscles (m) |
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What is a deficit of olfactory n? |
Loss of smell - sensory |
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What is a deficit of the optic n? |
Loss of vision |
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What is a deficit of oculomotor/trochlear/abducens? (same) |
The affected eye loses motor control (paralysis) |
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Deficit of trigeminal nerve? |
M - paralysis on part of mouth, bite S - loss of touch from affected areas |
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Deficit of facial nerve? |
M - lop-sided facial expression S - loss of taste |
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Deficits of vestibulocochlear ? |
S - Loss of balance and hearing |
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Deficits of glossopharyngeal ? |
M - Difficulty swallowing S - loss of taste from tongue |
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Deficits of vagus? |
M - loss of motor control of pharynx,larynx S - taste in pharynx, internal organs |
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Deficits of spinal accessory? |
M - loss of motor control of head turning and shoulder droop |
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Deficits of hypoglossal ? |
M - tongue will deviate to the legioned side |
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What are the three main functions of cranial nerves? |
1. Provide motor, sensory, innervation of skin/muscle joints of the head and neck 2. Mediate special senses 3. Carry parasympathetic information |
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What cranial nerves provide motor/sensory, innervation of skin/muscle/joints of the head and neck? (6-11 but skip 8) |
Abducens, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory. |
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What cranial nerves mediate special senses? (GOOFV) |
Glossopharyngeal, optic, olfactory, facial and vestibulocochlear. |
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What cranial nerves carry parasympathetic information? (FOGV) |
Facial, oculomotor, glossopharyngeal and vagus |
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Hair cells and physical deformations would be what kind of receptor? |
Mechanoreceptors |
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Receptors that respond to heat/cold |
Thermoreceptors |
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Receptors that respond to taste/smell |
Chemoreceptors |
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Receptors that respond to noxious stimuli |
Nociceptors |
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What is the "receptor-specific stimuli"? |
There are certain types of stimuli that are specific to certain receptors. Eg. - light triggers photoreceptors. This action generally depolarizes. |
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Explain transduction |
To convert one form of energy into another that the body can interpret (membrane potentials) |
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What is convergence? |
Multiple neurons coming together at a secondary neuron. |
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What are receptive fields? |
Receptive fields are based on the number of primary neurons that converge together at the secondary neuron. |
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What is lateral inhibition? |
Increasing the contrast by inhibiting neighbor stimuli. This increases perception. |
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What is the difference between rods and cones? |
Rods only see in black and white, while cones see in color. |
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What is phototransduction? |
Cells absorbing light and creating a response |
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What is glaucoma caused by? |
Glaucoma is caused by a blockage of aqeuous humor uptake |
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What is the difference between tropic and non-tropic hormones? |
Tropic hormones impact other endocrine tissue, while non-tropic act on non-endocrine tissue (T3/T4). |
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What is TSH and TRH? What kind of hormone are they? |
TSH is a thyroid hormone and TRH is anterior pituitary hormone |
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What is the difference between the anterior pituitary gland and the anterior pituitary gland? |
The anterior pituitary gland is a true endocrine gland and the posterior pituitary is an extension of nervous tissue.
The posterior pituitary is also connected to the hypothalamus (oxytocin and vasopressin) |
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What are hydrophysiotropic hormones? |
regulate endocrine functions of the anterior pituitary gland. Created by the hypothalamus. |
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Where does the corticospinal tract travel to? |
Neurons from the motor cortex to the spinal cord (descending pathway) |
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What is the function of portal vessels? |
Carry hormones to the 2nd capillary bed. |
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What two tissues make up the adrenal gland? |
Part is nervous tissue and the other part is epithelial tissue. |
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In the adrenal medulla, what 2 hormones mainly comprise that? |
80% is epinephrine (adrenaline) and 20% is (noradrenaline) noepinephrine. |
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What is the aldosterone pathway (RAA)? |
Na+ retention mechanism, which indirectly also helps water retention = drop in blood pressure. |
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What is the function of renin? |
Responds to blood pressure |
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Angiotension 1 leads to the creation of angiotension 2, what is the importance of angiotension 2? |
Angiotension is a tropic hormone that indirectly causes the lowering of blood pressure. The increase in third and increase in water retention lead to a lower blood volume which indirectly makes a lower blood pressure. |
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What is gluconeogenesis? |
Production of new glucose through non carbohydrate sources. This leads to an increased rate of protein breakdown (lipolysis) |
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Hypoglycemia |
Low blood SUGAR |
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What is cortisol's function with glucagon? |
Cortisol balances glucagon, glucose metabolism, a hormone made in the pancreas. |
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Where is insulin/glucagon created? What cells make insulin? What cells make glucagon? |
Insulin is created in the pancreas Beta cells make insulin Alpha cells make glucagon |
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Endocrine glands |
Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream |
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Exocrine glands |
Secreted via ducts to the external environment. (Sweat, tears, oil, etc.) |
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What is Type 1 diabetes mellitus? |
This is the insulin dependent diabetes. The autoimmune system kills beta cells (beta cells create insulin) so there is a deficient. |
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What are some consequences of Type 1? |
Hyperglycemia, dehydration, polyuria, low blood pressure and cardiovascular issues. |
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Hyperglycemia |
Decreased glucose uptake |
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Diabetic Retinopathy |
Blindness caused from diabetes |
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Describe Type 2 diabetes. |
Insulin levels are normal but the receptors that uptake insulin are insensitive. The lack of uptake causes high blood sugar. |
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Why is exercise generally a solution to type 2 diabetes? |
Exercise triggers glucose transporters, which give receptors a rest from high food levels. Insulin usually triggers glucose transport, but exercise does it as well. |
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What is a diabetes insipidus |
Low amounts of ADH can lead to polyuria and dehydration even when insulin/glucose levels are normal. |
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What are the direct and indirect functions of ADH in diabetes insipidus? |
Direct - ADH aims to retain water in the kidneys Indirect - maintain vasoconstriction (blood pressure) |
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What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic pathways? |
Catabolic pathways are breaking down cells by anabolic pathways are creating new cells. |
