Physiology

Front 1

aldosterone

Back 1

a steroid hormone released from the adrenal cortex that regulates the REABSORPTION of Na and SECRETION of K

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angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Back 2

enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Front 3

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 3

hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that regulates water REABSORPTION by the kidneys, also called vasopressin

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atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Back 4

hormone secreted from the atrium that regulates plasma Na levels

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Bowman's capsule

Back 5

in each nephron, a cup shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus and conducts filtrate into the renal tubule at the inflow end of the renal tubules, site where filtrate enters renal tubules

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calcitonin

Back 6

peptide hormone released from C cells of the thyroid gland that regulates plasma calcium levels

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calcitriol

Back 7

steroid hormone derived from vitamin D that regulates plasma calcium levels

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clearance

Back 8

virtual measure of the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed or cleared by the kidneys per unit time

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collecting ducts

Back 9

ducts that collect fluid from several different renal tubules and carry it to the renal pelvis for eventual elimination

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cortex

Back 10

outer portion of an organ such as cerebral cortex, adrenal cortex, and renal cortex

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detrusor muscle

Back 11

smooth muscle fibers of the bladder

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distal convoluted tubule

Back 12

portion of nephron furthest from renal corpuscle

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excretion

Back 13

elimination from the body through the kidneys (urine) or GI tract (feces)

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external urethral sphincter

Back 14

ring of skeletal muscle that regulates the excretion of urine

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filtered load

Back 15

quantity of a certain solute that is filtered at the glomerulus per unit time; equals the product of the GFR and the plasma concentration of the solute

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glomerular filtration

Back 16

bulk flow of protein-free plasma form the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule

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glomerular filtration pressure

Back 17

sum of the Starling forces acting to move fluid across the capillary walls of the glomerulus

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glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Back 18

the volume of the plasma filtered per unit time from all renal glomeruli combined

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glomerulus

Back 19

in each nephron, a ball-like cluster of capillaries in the renal corpuscle; site of filtration

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granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)

Back 20

specialized cells in the wall of the afferent and efferent arterioles that secrete renin; also called juxtaglomerular cells

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internal urethral sphincter

Back 21

ring of smooth muscle that regulates the excretion of urine

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juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 22

a collection of specialized cells in the distal tubules and the afferent and efferent arterioles near where the three structures come together in the kidney; regulates glomerular filtration and renin secretion

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loop of henle

Back 23

the portion of the renal tubule that forms a hairpin loop that dips into the medulla, including the descending limb, the thin ascending limb, and the thick ascending limb

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macula densa

Back 24

specialized cluster of epithelial cells found in the distal convuluted in the region adjacent to the afferent and efferent arterioles

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medulla

Back 25

internal compartment of certain organs such as adrenal medulla and renal medulla

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metabolic acidosis

Back 26

decrease in the blood pH in response to changes other than CO2 levels

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metabolic alkalosis

Back 27

increase in blood pH in response to changes other than CO2 levels

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micturition

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elimination of urine from the body

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myogenic regulation

Back 29

means of autoregulating glomerular filtration rate by the inherent ability of smooth muscle of the afferent arterioles to contract when stretched

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nephrons

Back 30

functional units of the kidney that filter the blood and form urine, each consists of a renal corpuscle (a Bowman's capsule and a glomerulus) and a renal tubule

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obligatory water loss

Back 31

minimum volume of water that must be excreted in urine to eliminate solutes

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osmoreceptor

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receptors that detect the osmolarity of various body fluids

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parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 33

peptide hormone released from the parathyroid glands that regulates plasma Ca levels

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peritubular capillaries

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capillary bed that branches off the efferent arterioles of cortical nephrons and is located close to renal tubules; functions in exchange with renal tubules during reabsorption and secretion

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proximal tubule

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portion of the renal tubule nearest the renal corpuscle; includes promimal convoluted tubule and proximal straight tubule

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reabsorption

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transport of a substance into the blood

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renal arteries

Back 37

arteries that branch off the aorta and provide the kidneys with their blood supply

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renal corpuscle

Back 38

site of glomerular filtration; consists of glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

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renal pelvis

Back 39

funnel-shaped passage forming the initial portion of the ureter

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renal threshold

Back 40

the plasma concentration of solute at which the transport max is exceeded and excess solute appears in the urine

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renal tubule

Back 41

a portion of a nephron, consisting of a long, coiled tube

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renal veins

Back 42

transport of blood from the kidneys back into general circulation

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renin

Back 43

enzyme released by kidney; converts angiotensinogen I to angiotensinogen II

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secretion

Back 44

movement of substance from the internal environment to the external environment by transport across an epithelium; mvmt of a substance from inside a cell to outside the cell by mvmt across the plasma membrane

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transport maximum (Tm)

Back 45

rate of transport by carrier proteins when carriers are 100% saturated

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tubuloglomerular feedback

Back 46

autoregulatory mechanism in which a change in glomerular filtration rate is regulated by paracrines secreted from macula densa, located downstream from the glomerulus

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urinary system

Back 47

organ system that consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra

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urine

Back 48

a fluid produced by the kidneys and eliminated from the body

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vasa recta

Back 49

capillary bed that branches off the efferent arteriole of a juxtamedullary nephron and surrounds the loop of henle; functions in maintaining medullary osmotic gradient