Physiology

Front 1

What are these?

-inadequate dietary intake (e.g. – famine, poverty, alcoholism)
-inadequate absorption (e.g. – GI obstruction, pernicious anemia)
-increased requirements (e.g. – pregnancy, lactation)
-increased excretion (e.g. – kidney malfunction)
-drug-induced deficiency (e.g. – loss of microorganism synthesis due to antibiotics)

Back 1

causes of vitamin deficiency

Front 2

Water-soluble vitamins:
-include B-complex vitamins and vitamin __.
-absorbed along with water from the GI tract
-vitamin ___ must bind to intrinsic factor to be absorbed
-insignificant amounts of water-soluble vitamins are stored in the body and, unless used, they are excreted in the urine

Back 2

C, B12

Front 3

Fat soluble vitamins
-include vitamins _______
-bind to ingested lipids & are absorbed along with digestion products
-anything that interferes with fat absorption also interferes with the uptake of fat-soluble vitamins

Back 3

A, D, E, K

Front 4

RDA is 1.5 mg/day – common dietary sources include red meats, eggs, greens, whole grains & seeds

Back 4

thiamine (B1)

Front 5

The coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate, the active form of thiamine (vitamin B1), participates in ______ metabolism through decarboxylation of a-keto acids. Deficiency causes ______ with peripheral neurologic, cerebral, cardiovascular, and GI manifestations.

Back 5

carbohydrate, beriberi

Front 6

Early deficiency produces fatigue, irritation, poor memory, sleep disturbances, precordial pain, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and constipation.

Back 6

Thiamine (B1)

Front 7

____________________ is caused by inadequate intake of thiamine, particularly in people subsisting on highly polished rice. Milling removes the husk, which contains most of the thiamine, but boiling before husking disperses the vitamin throughout the grain, thus preventing its loss.

_________________ is caused by increased requirement, as in hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, lactation, and fever; impaired absorption, as in prolonged diarrheas; and impaired utilization, as in severe liver disease.

Back 7

primary thiamine deficiency, secondary thiamine deficiency

Front 8

RDA is 1.7 mg/day – common dietary sources include all types of meat, milk, eggs, greens, whole grains and apricots

Back 8

Riboflavin (B2)

Front 9

____________ as flavin mononucleotide or flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), acts as an essential _______ in many oxidation-reduction reactions involved with carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency results in oral, ocular, cutaneous, and genital lesions.

Back 9

Riboflavin (B2), co-enzyme

Front 10

Primary __________ deficiency is associated with inadequate consumption of milk and other animal products. Secondary deficiencies are most common in chronic diarrheas, liver disease, chronic alcoholism, and postoperative situations in which nutrient infusions lack supplementary vitamins.

Back 10

riboflavin

Front 11

Vitamin __ comprises a group of closely related compounds: pyridoxine (the most important), pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. They are metabolized and phosphorylated in the body to pyridoxal phosphate, which functions as a coenzyme in many reactions, including decarboxylation and transamination of amino acids, deamination of hydroxyamino acids and cysteine, conversion of tryptophan to niacin, and metabolism of fatty acids.

Back 11

B6

Front 12

The vitamin __ group is important in blood, CNS, and skin metabolism.

Back 12

B6

Front 13

________ is important in erythropoiesis because pyridoxal phosphate is needed in the formation of d-aminolevulinic acid, the rate-limiting step in heme biosynthesis.

Back 13

B6

Front 14

Pyridoxine

Back 14

vitamin B6

Front 15

Cyanocobalamin

Back 15

vitamin B12

Front 16

RDA is 0.002 mg/day – common dietary sources include red meat, liver, shellfish, eggs & milk

Back 16

B12

Front 17

___________ helps maintain myelin sheaths of neurons and is important in the development of red blood cells.

Back 17

Vitamin B12

Front 18

Needed to make DNA.

Back 18

vitamin B12, vitamin B9, and vitamin E

Front 19

___________ combines with a substance called intrinsic factor (IF) in the duodenum before it can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Back 19

Vitamin B12

Front 20

________ is made by parietal cells in the stomach mucosa.

Back 20

intrinsic factor

Front 21

___ may increase your blood level of homocysteine, an amino acid normally found in your blood. There is evidence that an elevated blood level of homocysteine is an independent risk factor for heart disease & stroke.

Back 21

Vitamin B12

Front 22

evidence suggests that high levels of _________ may damage coronary arteries or make it easier for blood clotting cells called platelets to clump together and form a clot. However, there is currently no evidence available to suggest that lowering ___________ levels with vitamins will reduce your risk of heart disease.

Back 22

homocysteine, homocysteine

Front 23

_______________ results from a lack of IF in gastric secretions

Back 23

Pernicious anemia

Front 24

RDA is 0.2 mg/day – common dietary sources include eggs, liver, greens, citrus fruits & whole grains

Back 24

folic acid (folate, B9)

Front 25

vitamin B9 is also known as:

Back 25

folic acid, folate

Front 26

__________ acts as a coenzyme in the breakdown of proteins and in the synthesis of new proteins.

Back 26

Folic acid

Front 27

It is necessary for the production of red blood cells and the synthesis of DNA, as well as tissue growth and cell function.

Back 27

vitamin B9; folic acid

Front 28

It increases the appetite and stimulates the formation of digestive acids.

Back 28

vitamin B9

Front 29

In ______ deficient anemia, the red cells are abnormally large and are referred to as megalocytes, and in the bone marrow as megaloblasts. Subsequently, this anemia may be referred to as megaloblastic anemia.

Back 29

folate

Front 30

Causes of the anemia are poor dietary intake of _______ as in chronic alcoholism, malabsorption diseases, and certain medications.

Back 30

folic acid

Front 31

Risk factors are a poor diet (seen frequently in the poor, the elderly, and in people who do not buy fresh fruits or vegetables), overcooking food, alcoholism, having a history of malabsorption diseases, and pregnancy.

Back 31

folate deficiency anemia

Front 32

RDA is 4-7 mg/day – common dietary sources include red meat, liver, eggs, green & yellow vegetables, whole grains and mushrooms

Back 32

Pantothenic acid

Front 33

____________ is a vitamin widely distributed in foodstuffs and is an essential component of coenzyme A, which functions as an acyltransfer cofactor for many enzymatic reactions.

Back 33

Pantothenic acid

Front 34

_____________ deficiency is rarely observed in humans.

Back 34

Pantothenic acid

Front 35

RDA is 19 mg/day
Synthesized from tryptophan, which is present in any diet with adequate protein

Back 35

niacin

Front 36

Severe deficiencies of niacin and tryptophan are the principal causes of __________ (a combination of dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia).

Back 36

pellagra

Front 37

RDA is 60 mg/day – common dietary sources include citrus fruits, tomatoes & greens

Back 37

Vitamin C

Front 38

Vitamin C is also known as

Back 38

Ascorbic acid

Front 39

________ is essential for collagen formation and helps maintain the integrity of substances of mesenchymal origin, such as connective tissue, osteoid tissue, and dentin.

Back 39

Vitamin C

Front 40

It is essential for wound healing and facilitates recovery from burns.

Back 40

Vitamin C

Front 41

Facilitates the absorption of iron.

Back 41

Vitamin C

Front 42

Severe ___________ deficiency results in ______, an acute or chronic disease characterized by hemorrhagic manifestations and abnormal osteoid and dentin formation.

Back 42

vitamin C, scury

Front 43

Three active forms: retinol, retinal and retinoic acid

Back 43

vitamin A

Front 44

RDA is 1.0 mg/day common dietary sources include dark green vegetables, orange-yellow vegetables, whole milk, butter, cheese, eggs

Back 44

Vitamin A

Front 45

All 3 forms are formed from the plant pigments known as carotenes (e.g. - b-carotene)

Back 45

Vitamin A

Front 46

Stored in the liver

Back 46

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K

Front 47

Functions in vision and maintains the structure of the eyes

Back 47

Vitamin A

Front 48

Deficiency results in night blindness, decreased keratinization of skin & mucous membranes & a lack of bone remodeling

Back 48

Vitamin A

Front 49

Functions in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the small intestine

Back 49

Vitamin D

Front 50

Can be produced from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin by the action of UV light (more on this in the endocrine lectures)

Back 50

Vitamin D

Front 51

RDA is 0.01 mg/day excellent sources are dairy products

Back 51

Vitamin D

Front 52

Cholecalciferol

Back 52

Vitamin D

Front 53

Deficiency results in poor growth & lack of normal bone formation in children (______)a softening of bone in adults called _________, poor tooth development. Deficiency results in symptoms similar to a lack of calcium

Back 53

Vitamin D, rickets, osteomalacia

Front 54

RDA is 10 mg/day -- widely available in human diet (vegetable oils and wheat germ are particularly good sources)

Back 54

Vitamin E

Front 55

Functions include:
-anti-oxidant to inactivate free radicals
-stabilizes cell membranes
-required for normal RBC synthesis
-required for normal DNA and RNA synthesis

Back 55

Vitamin E

Front 56

does not:
-lower LDL
-decrease hot flashes
-decrease risk of bladder cancer
-prevent heart attacks
-restore sexual potency
-improve athletic ability

Back 56

Vitamin E

Front 57

RDA is 0.08 mg/day – common dietary sources include green leafy vegetables, cabbage, cauliflower; also normally produced by the intestinal flora

Back 57

Vitamin K

Front 58

Stored in liver & spleen

Back 58

Vitamin K

Front 59

Required for the synthesis of 4 blood clotting factors by hepatocytes: factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX and X

Back 59

Vitamin K

Front 60

Absorption requires normal biliary and pancreatic function – people suffering from disorders that slow absorption of lipids often experience uncontrolled bleeding as a consequence of Vitamin __ deficiency

Back 60

Vitamin K

Front 61

The anti-coagulant warfarin (Coumadin) acts an antagonist to _________, thereby blocking synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X

Back 61

Vitamin K