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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 sensory system divisions?
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1. General
2. Special Senses |
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What are the general senses?
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Touch, temp, pressure and pain
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What are the special senses?
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Hearing, balance, sight, smell and taste
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Which category of senses are related to how we communicate with nature?
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Special senses
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Sclera is what part of the eye?
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Outer layer
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Cornea is what part of the eye?
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Front layer (lens)
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The 2nd layer of the eye - all active parts of the eye fall here - middle layer - blood supply is here
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Coroid
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The iris cilliary body and coroid - entire tunic of the eye
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Uvea
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The entire middle layer (tunic) of the eye
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Uvea
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What does the middle layer of the eye have in order to see light?
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Color
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Inflammation of part or all of the middle tunic
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Uveitis
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Inflammation of the iris or cilliary body
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Anterior uveitis
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Inflammation of the choroid
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Posterior uveitis
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A convex lense will do what to light rays?
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Converge
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A concave lense will do what to light rays?
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Diverge
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Refers to the bending the light rays as a beam of light passes thru a curved lense or passes from a mediium of one density to a medium of a 2nd density
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Light refraction
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What is the sum for Air RI (Refraction Index)?
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1
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What is the sum for Glass RI?
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1.44
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What is the sum for Water RI?
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1.33
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Concave lenses cause light rays to ___
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Diverge (away)
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Convex lenses cause light rays to ---
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Converge (together)
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What does 20/20 vision mean?
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The patient has an eye that can clearly see objects at 20ft
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A patient that has an eye rated @ 20/100 sees at 20 feet what a person with normal would see @ ---
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100 feet
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Ability to distinguish between forms
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Visual acuity
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What is measured grossly at 20 feet by the Snellen chart?
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Visual acuity
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Term for when Parallel rays from 20 feet or more away when passing through a convex lens will come to a point
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Focal point
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Term for the strength of a lense
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Diopter
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Term for distance from the lense to the point
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Focal length
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The amount of converging power of a convex lense is expressed in ---
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diopters
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What is the reference length used for expressing diopters?
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Meter
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A convex lense with a strengh of 1 diopter has focal length of ---
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1 meter
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A lens that has a focal length of 1 meter has a strenght of
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1 diopter
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If the focal length is 2 meters the strengh is ---
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1/2 diopter
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If the focal length is 1/2 meter the strength is
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2 diopters
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If we stick a concave lens in front of a 1 diopter convex lense and the concave lens completely negates the effect of the 1 diopter convex lens, we say that the concave lens has a strength of ...
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negative 1 diopter
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What type of a lense does not have a focal length?
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Concave lense
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A lens ___ light because it is ---
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refracts
curved |
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The human eye has a strengh of about---
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60 diopters
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Most of the refraction of the eye is done by the ...
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cornea
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The cornea is very curved and has a RI of ---
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1.33
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The cornea's RI is the same as --- RI.
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Water's
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The len's job is accomodation. What is accomodation?
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Fine tuning
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What is fine tuning?
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Changing it's focal length to bring objects into sharper image
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Anything closer than --- where light rays aren't parallel is fine tuning
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20 feet
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Name for the chemical in the retina that decomposes when light hits the cell
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Rhodopsin
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What is composed of a protein called scotopsin and a form of vitamin A?
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Rhodopsin
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The retinal is in the form of --- cis retinal which is transformed into --- retinal by ---
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cis
trans light |
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Adequate amounts of vitamin A are required for the conversion of ___ back to the ___ form of vitamin A to allow the process to repeat itself
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trans
cis |
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Rhodopsin contains --- and --- changes forms
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Retinal
Retinal |
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The 2 types of light sensing cells in the eye are rods which are ___ sensitive but ___ insensitve
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light
color |
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Rods are located towards the --- of the retina
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periphery
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Cones are located toward the --- of the retina
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center
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The cones is --- sensitive to light
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less
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What colors does the cons detect?
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red, green and blue
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What happens when 1 or more types of cones are missing or defective?
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Color blindness
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Adjustment of the refractory power of the lens
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Accomodation
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What is the function that takes place when the cilliary body alters the shape of the lens, allowing it to become more convex which changes it's strength?
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Accomodation
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The smaller the opeing the sharper the image is know as what?
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Pupillary constriction
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Term for when things are getting closer the lens gets convex - the eyes turn inward as things get closer
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Convergence
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Lack of convergence leads to what problem?
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Double vision
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What does one have when we are looking at an object with 2 separate sense organs?
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Binocular vision
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The normal pressure of aqueous humor is what range of mercury?
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20-25 mm
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Too much aqueous humor results in...
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Glaucoma
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Term for normal refracting of the eye
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Emmetropia
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Term for light rays that are converging behind the retina and a convex lense is needed to correct it
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Hypertropia or farsightedness
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Term for light rays that are converging in front of the retina and concave lenses are needed to correct it
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Myopia or nearsightedness
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Term for unequal curvature of the refractive surface and the rays of light cannot be brought to a fixed point but rather over a more diffuse area ( focal points are all over the place )
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Astigmatism
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Term for when elasticity is not what it once was - old fart's eye
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Presbyopia
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What does it mean if lights appear to have a halo over them at night>
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Hallmark of glaucoma
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What lies in the temporal bone?
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Inner ear
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What is known as the bony labyrinth of the ear?
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The cavernous system
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What are the 3 boney canals of the ear>
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1. Semicircular canal
2. Vestibule 3. Cochlea |
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What does the cochlea resemble?
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A snail
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What connects the semicircular canal?
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The vestibule
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What 2 things sit inside the vestibule and are associated with balance?
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The utricle and the saccule
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Appearance of the cochlear duct
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Swirly
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Endolymph is found where?
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Inside the membrane
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Perilymph is found where?
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Outside the membrane
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Fluid inside the membrane
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Endolymph
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Fluid inside the cave that surronds the outside membrane
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Perilymph
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What connects to the stapis?
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The oval window
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What is at the opposite end of the cochlear duct?
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The round window
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What contains the auditory receptor cells which are called hair cells because of their appearance?
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The organ of Corti
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What stimulates the beginning of the receptor system?
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High pitch
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What stimulates the end of the receptor system covering the whole lengh of the organ of Corti?
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Low pitch
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What type of canal responds to rotation?
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Semi circular canal
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What term describes acceleration in relation to eye movement>?
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Utricle
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What term describes deceleration in relation to eye movement?
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Saccule
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Can the body detect constant movement?
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No
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What term refers to high or low quality of sound?
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Pitch
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Pitch is measured in --- per second?
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cycles
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The human ear can detect the range of --- to --- cycles per second but hears most accurately between --- and --- cycles per second
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30 to 20,000
500 and 4,000 |
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Various pitches are detected by various areas found in the...
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organ of Corti
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The higher the pitch, the --- the distance
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shorter
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Loudness if measured by the --- of the vibrations
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amplitude
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Loudness is detected by the organ of Corti by the number of ---- stimulated at one time vs the location of --- stimulated the pitch component of sound
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hair cells
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Loudness equals the number of --- stimulated
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hair cells
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Pitch is located where?
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Organ of corti
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Neurons that detect odor are located where?
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at the very top of the nose
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Decreased ability to smell
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Hyposmia
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Total lack of ability to smell
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Anosmia
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4 types of taste buds that science has identified
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sweet, sour, bitter and salty
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What taste buds are found on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
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Salt and sweet
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What is the cranial nerve for the anterior 2/3 tast receptors?
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CN 7 - facial nerve
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What taste buds are associated with the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
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Bitter and sour
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What cranial nerve is associated with the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
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CN 9 - glossal pharyngeal
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We taste with the back of the the throat and the epiglottis by way of CN ---
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CN 10 - vegus nerve
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The sense receptors for smell are ---
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neurons
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The sense receptors for taste are ---
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not neurons
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How many cranial nerves?
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12
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How do you remember the 12?
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On old olympus' towering top a fin and german viewed a hops
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CNI
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Olfactory
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CNII
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Optic
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CNIII
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Oculomotor
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CNIV
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Trochlear
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CNV
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Trigeminal
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CNVI
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Abduces
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CNVII
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Facial
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CNVIII
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Acoustic
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CNIX
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Glosso pharyngeal
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CNX
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Vegus
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CNXI
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Accesory
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CNXII
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Hypoglossal
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