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49 Cards in this Set

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Endocrine System - function
Regulates metabolic functions by releasing hormones into the blood
Second messenger - mechanism of hormone action
hormone (first messenger) binds to a receptor on cell surface, causing an intracellular substance (second messenger) to stimulate intracellular events
Second messenger mechanism of hormone action - example
Glucagon in the blood binds to receptor on liver cells, causing ATP to convert to cAMP leads to a breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Steroid Hormone - mechanism of action
Hormones produced in the adrenal cortex and gonads diffuse into the cell, combine with specific recpetor proteins in the nucleus, and direct transcription of specific DNA
Steroid Hormone - example
Cortisol, produced in the adrenal gland, causes liver cells to produce enzymes that catalyze gluconeogenesis
Speed of Second messenger compared to Steroid hormone
Second messenger is faster
Duration of Second messenger compared to Steroid hormone
Steroid hormone lasts longer
Cortisol - where and what?
Cortisol is produced in the adrenal gland. It stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Pituitary gland - function
Functions and an intermediary between the brain and a endocrine glands
Anterior pituitary - mode of action
Receives chemical hormones from the hypothalmus and releases other hormones in response.
Posterior pituitary - mode of action
Contains the nerve terminals of neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalmus. These nerve terminals secrete neurohormones
Anterior pituitary - Releasing hormone effect
1. ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex, producing cortisol
2. TSH acts on in the Thyroid, producing thyroxine
Posterior pituitary - Releasing hormone effect
1. ADH affects kidney
2. oxytocin affects breast/uterus
The Adrenal Cortex produces _______
The Adrenal Cortex produces _corticosteroids_
The Adrenal Medulla produces ____________
The Adrenal Medulla produces _epinephrine & norepinephrone_
Epinephrine & Norepinephrone are collectively known as ___________
Epinephrine & Norepinephrone are collectively known as _catecholamines_
Corticosteroids are synthesized from _________
Corticosteroids are synthesized from _cholesterol_
Mineralcorticoids - function
Hormones that maintin normal concentrations of sodium and potassium in ECF.
Mineralcorticoids - example
Aldosterone
Glucocorticoids - function
Hormones that affect the metabolism.
Glucocorticoids - Example
Cortisol
Increased cortisol causes:
1 skeletal muscle to break down its protein and release amino acids
2. adipose tissue to break down and release triglycerides, fatty acids & glucose
3. liver increases glucose production through gluconeogenesis
The adrenal medulla is functionally part of the ________ nervous system
The adrenal medulla is functionally part of the _sympathetic_ nervous system
TSH stimulates the thyroid to hydrolyze _______ and release ____ and _____
TSH stimulates the thyroid to hydrolyze _thyroglobulin_ and release _T3_ and _T4_
The Pancreas is both an ______ gland and a _____ gland
The Pancreas is both an _endocrine_ gland and a _exocrine_ gland
Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete __________ in the blood
Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete _glucagon_ in the blood
Beta cells of the pancreas secrete __________ in the blood
Beta cells of the pancreas secrete _insulin_ in the blood
Insulin - function
Anabolic hormone that promotes the storage of glucose and fat, and the synthesis of protein
Insulin is secreted in response to:
1. increase in glucose or amino acids in blood
2. parasympathetic stimulation
3. Hormones in GI tract
Glucagon - function
Causes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, and increases gluconeogenesis
The pancreas secretes glucagon when ______ is ______
The pancreas secretes glucagon when _blood glucose_ is _low_
Insulin is released by the _____ into the ______ vein
Insulin is released by the _pancreas_ into the _portal_ vein
Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ the diffusion of glucose into skeletal muscle & adipose tissue
Insulin _Increases_ the diffusion of _glucose_ into skeletal muscle & adipose tissue
Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ glycogen synthesis in liver & muscle
Insulin _Increases_ glycogen synthesis in liver & muscle
Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ the uptake of fatty acids into adipocytes
Insulin _Inccreases_ the uptake of fatty acids into adipocytes
Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ the availability of fatty acids and glycerol for triglyceride synthesis
Insulin _Increases_ the availability of fatty acids and glycerol for triglyceride synthesis
Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ the storage of triglycerides into adipose tissue
Insulin _Increases_ the storage of triglycerides into adipose tissue
Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ the transport of amino acids into tissue, and their incorporation into proteins
Insulin _Increases_ the transport of amino acids into tissue, and their incorporation into proteins
In the "fed" state, elevation of Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ the storage of fuels and growth of tissues
In the "fed" state, elevation of Insulin _increases_ the storage of fuels and growth of tissues
Glycogen breakdown in the liver and muscle _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ if no food is consumed
Glycogen breakdown in the liver and muscle _Decreases_ if no food is consumed
Gluconeogenesis _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ if no food is consumed
Gluconeogenesis _Increases_ if no food is consumed
Ketone bodies - defn & function
Fueld made from fatty acids in the liver. Used by the brain after days of starvation
During exercise, blood levels of glucagon, epinephrine & cortisol _[inc/no effect/dec.]_
During exercise, blood levels of glucagon, epinephrine & cortisol _Iincrease_
Lipolysis is _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ by epinephrine, glucagon & cortisol
Lipolysis is _Increased_ by epinephrine, glucagon & cortisol
Lactic acid can be converted back to glucose in the _______
Lactic acid can be converted back to glucose in the _Cori cycle_
The Cori Cycle is [Ana/Cata]bolic
The Cori Cycle is _Anabolic_
Hypoglycemia - def'n & response
Lower than normal blood-level of glucose. Receptors in the hypothalmus stimulate the sympathetic NS to release catecholamines which suppress insulin & increase glucagon
Hyperglycemia - def'n & cause
Higher than normal blood-level of glucose. Caused by low production of insulin or failure of tissues to respond to insulin
Diabetes - def'n
Initial Hyperglycemia, then high, long glucose level after glucose-tolerance test.