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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Endocrine System - function
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Regulates metabolic functions by releasing hormones into the blood
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Second messenger - mechanism of hormone action
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hormone (first messenger) binds to a receptor on cell surface, causing an intracellular substance (second messenger) to stimulate intracellular events
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Second messenger mechanism of hormone action - example
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Glucagon in the blood binds to receptor on liver cells, causing ATP to convert to cAMP leads to a breakdown of glycogen into glucose
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Steroid Hormone - mechanism of action
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Hormones produced in the adrenal cortex and gonads diffuse into the cell, combine with specific recpetor proteins in the nucleus, and direct transcription of specific DNA
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Steroid Hormone - example
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Cortisol, produced in the adrenal gland, causes liver cells to produce enzymes that catalyze gluconeogenesis
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Speed of Second messenger compared to Steroid hormone
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Second messenger is faster
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Duration of Second messenger compared to Steroid hormone
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Steroid hormone lasts longer
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Cortisol - where and what?
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Cortisol is produced in the adrenal gland. It stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver.
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Pituitary gland - function
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Functions and an intermediary between the brain and a endocrine glands
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Anterior pituitary - mode of action
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Receives chemical hormones from the hypothalmus and releases other hormones in response.
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Posterior pituitary - mode of action
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Contains the nerve terminals of neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalmus. These nerve terminals secrete neurohormones
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Anterior pituitary - Releasing hormone effect
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1. ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex, producing cortisol
2. TSH acts on in the Thyroid, producing thyroxine |
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Posterior pituitary - Releasing hormone effect
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1. ADH affects kidney
2. oxytocin affects breast/uterus |
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The Adrenal Cortex produces _______
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The Adrenal Cortex produces _corticosteroids_
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The Adrenal Medulla produces ____________
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The Adrenal Medulla produces _epinephrine & norepinephrone_
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Epinephrine & Norepinephrone are collectively known as ___________
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Epinephrine & Norepinephrone are collectively known as _catecholamines_
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Corticosteroids are synthesized from _________
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Corticosteroids are synthesized from _cholesterol_
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Mineralcorticoids - function
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Hormones that maintin normal concentrations of sodium and potassium in ECF.
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Mineralcorticoids - example
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Aldosterone
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Glucocorticoids - function
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Hormones that affect the metabolism.
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Glucocorticoids - Example
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Cortisol
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Increased cortisol causes:
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1 skeletal muscle to break down its protein and release amino acids
2. adipose tissue to break down and release triglycerides, fatty acids & glucose 3. liver increases glucose production through gluconeogenesis |
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The adrenal medulla is functionally part of the ________ nervous system
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The adrenal medulla is functionally part of the _sympathetic_ nervous system
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TSH stimulates the thyroid to hydrolyze _______ and release ____ and _____
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TSH stimulates the thyroid to hydrolyze _thyroglobulin_ and release _T3_ and _T4_
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The Pancreas is both an ______ gland and a _____ gland
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The Pancreas is both an _endocrine_ gland and a _exocrine_ gland
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Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete __________ in the blood
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Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete _glucagon_ in the blood
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Beta cells of the pancreas secrete __________ in the blood
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Beta cells of the pancreas secrete _insulin_ in the blood
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Insulin - function
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Anabolic hormone that promotes the storage of glucose and fat, and the synthesis of protein
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Insulin is secreted in response to:
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1. increase in glucose or amino acids in blood
2. parasympathetic stimulation 3. Hormones in GI tract |
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Glucagon - function
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Causes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, and increases gluconeogenesis
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The pancreas secretes glucagon when ______ is ______
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The pancreas secretes glucagon when _blood glucose_ is _low_
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Insulin is released by the _____ into the ______ vein
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Insulin is released by the _pancreas_ into the _portal_ vein
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Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ the diffusion of glucose into skeletal muscle & adipose tissue
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Insulin _Increases_ the diffusion of _glucose_ into skeletal muscle & adipose tissue
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Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ glycogen synthesis in liver & muscle
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Insulin _Increases_ glycogen synthesis in liver & muscle
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Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ the uptake of fatty acids into adipocytes
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Insulin _Inccreases_ the uptake of fatty acids into adipocytes
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Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ the availability of fatty acids and glycerol for triglyceride synthesis
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Insulin _Increases_ the availability of fatty acids and glycerol for triglyceride synthesis
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Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ the storage of triglycerides into adipose tissue
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Insulin _Increases_ the storage of triglycerides into adipose tissue
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Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ the transport of amino acids into tissue, and their incorporation into proteins
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Insulin _Increases_ the transport of amino acids into tissue, and their incorporation into proteins
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In the "fed" state, elevation of Insulin _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ the storage of fuels and growth of tissues
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In the "fed" state, elevation of Insulin _increases_ the storage of fuels and growth of tissues
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Glycogen breakdown in the liver and muscle _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ if no food is consumed
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Glycogen breakdown in the liver and muscle _Decreases_ if no food is consumed
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Gluconeogenesis _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ if no food is consumed
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Gluconeogenesis _Increases_ if no food is consumed
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Ketone bodies - defn & function
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Fueld made from fatty acids in the liver. Used by the brain after days of starvation
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During exercise, blood levels of glucagon, epinephrine & cortisol _[inc/no effect/dec.]_
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During exercise, blood levels of glucagon, epinephrine & cortisol _Iincrease_
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Lipolysis is _[inc/no effect/dec.]_ by epinephrine, glucagon & cortisol
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Lipolysis is _Increased_ by epinephrine, glucagon & cortisol
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Lactic acid can be converted back to glucose in the _______
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Lactic acid can be converted back to glucose in the _Cori cycle_
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The Cori Cycle is [Ana/Cata]bolic
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The Cori Cycle is _Anabolic_
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Hypoglycemia - def'n & response
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Lower than normal blood-level of glucose. Receptors in the hypothalmus stimulate the sympathetic NS to release catecholamines which suppress insulin & increase glucagon
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Hyperglycemia - def'n & cause
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Higher than normal blood-level of glucose. Caused by low production of insulin or failure of tissues to respond to insulin
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Diabetes - def'n
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Initial Hyperglycemia, then high, long glucose level after glucose-tolerance test.
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