Physiology 1020 - Module 10

Front 1

Name the airways of the resp system

Back 1

Trachea & Nasal cavity (joined by the pharynx), larynx, 2 main bronchi, dividing into smaller and smaller bronchioles. Alveoli

Front 2

What cavity are the lungs located in?

Back 2

Thoracic

Front 3

____ Delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Back 3

Pulmonary artery

Front 4

Name the three factors that maximize gas exchange in the capillaries/alveoli

Back 4

Thin endothelial walls, large cross-sectional area, and low blood velocity

Front 5

Oxygenated blood flows back to the ____ side of the heart through the _____

Back 5

Right & Pulmonary Vein

Front 6

A healthy lung has ___ alveoli

Back 6

300 million

Front 7

Walls of the alveoli are ___ cell(s) thick and are composed of type __ alveolar epithelial cells

Back 7

1 & 1

Front 8

The region between the alveoli and capillary is called?

Back 8

The respiratory membrane

Front 9

The pleural membrane that sticks to the ribs is the ____ and the one that sticks to the lungs is the _____

Back 9

Parietal & Visceral

Front 10

The space between the two pleural membranes in the thoracic cavity is the ____

Back 10

Intrapleural space

Front 11

The purpose of the intrapleural space is to

Back 11

Reduce friction between the two membranes

Front 12

The pressure inside the lungs is called the ____ and is ____ mmHg at rest

Back 12

Intrapleural or intrapulmonary & 760

Front 13

The pressure outside the body is called the ____ and is ____ mmHg

Back 13

Atmospheric & 760

Front 14

The pressure in the intrapleural space is ____ because _____. The purpose of this is _____

Back 14

756, because the ribs spring outward and the lungs pull inward. This lower pressure keeps the lungs from collapsing.

Front 15

What is transpulmonary pressure and its formula

Back 15

The difference in pressure between the pulmonary and alveolar pressure:
TP = PP - AP
= 4

Front 16

With a transpulmonary pressure of 0, a _____ would occur meaning _____

Back 16

Pneumothorax - The intrapleural space has been punctured and lung would collapse

Front 17

What does Boyle's law state?

Back 17

As volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa

Front 18

To move air into the lungs requires a ___ pressure inside and a ___ pressure outside

Back 18

Low & High

Front 19

Name the muscles that are used to inspire and the pressure decreases to ____

Back 19

Diaphragm, and exterior intercostals
759

Front 20

Name the muscles that are used to expire passively and pressure increases to ___

Back 20

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax, causing the lung to recoil
761

Front 21

Name the muscles that are used to expire actively and the pressure increases to ___

Back 21

Abdomen and internal intercostals
763

Front 22

Stretchability of the lungs is called _____ and the formula

Back 22

Pulmonary compliance
= Volume change/Pressure change

Front 23

The two main factors that contribute to pulmonary compliance are ___ and ____

Back 23

The amount of elastic tissue in the walls of the alveoli, vessels, and bronchi
The surface tension of the liquid lining the alveoli

Front 24

Pulmonary fibrosis is ___

Back 24

A disease caused by the constant breathing in of tiny particles that line the lungs, hardening and creating hard scar tissue which decreases, making it harder to inspirate

Front 25

Pulmonary emphysema is

Back 25

A loss of elastin fibres in the lungs, causing greater compliance to the point that it is very easy to inspire but almost impossible to expire.

Front 26

The two types of elastic tissue components of the lungs are called ____ and ____, located in the walls of ____ (3)

Back 26

Elastin and collagen fibres
Alveoli, bronchioles, and blood vessels

Front 27

What is surface tension and what fraction of compliance does it contribute

Back 27

It is the attraction of water molecules lining the alveoli that are attracted to eachother, trying to collapse the alveoli.
66%

Front 28

The solution for surface tension is and it works by

Back 28

Pulmonary surfactant
Flattening the water droplet

Front 29

The lung holds ___ L of air

Back 29

5

Front 30

Tidal volume and avg vol

Back 30

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled at rest
500 mL

Front 31

Inspiratory reserve volume and avg vol

Back 31

The amount of air that can be inhaled after tidal volume
1200mL

Front 32

Expiratory reserve volume and avg vol

Back 32

The amount of air that can be exhaled after VT
1000mL

Front 33

Residual volume

Back 33

The amount of air after ERV is taken
1200mL

Front 34

Inspiratory capacity

Back 34

The max amount of air that can be inhaled after exhaling tidal volume
Tidal volume + IRV

Front 35

Functional residual capacity

Back 35

The amount of air still in the lungs after exhalation of vT
ERV + RV

Front 36

Vital capacity

Back 36

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inhalation
IRV+VT+ERV

Front 37

Pulmonary Ventilation

Back 37

The amount of air that enters the conducting and respiratory zones in one minute
VE = VT X RR

Front 38

What is the trick for calculating mL of anatomical dead space in the lungs?

Back 38

A person's weight in pounds = mL of anatomical dead space

Front 39

Alveolar ventilation

Back 39

The amount of air entering the respiratory zone in one minute
VA = VE-VD
= (VT X RR) - (Mass X RR)

Front 40

Define partial pressure

Back 40

The pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture of gases

Front 41

What is the atmospheric PO2

Back 41

159mmHg

Front 42

What do the PO2 and PCO2 values turn into when entering functional lungs?

Back 42

PO2 = 105mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg

Front 43

What is the importance of partial pressure

Back 43

It creates a gradient that directs gas exchange at different parts of the body

Front 44

Blood entering the lungs from the tissues has a PO2 of __ and a PCO2 of ___

Back 44

40 & 46

Front 45

The alveoli have a PO2 and PCO2 of

Back 45

105 and 40

Front 46

In the alveoli, O2 will move ____ and CO2 will move ____ until the two partial pressures are ____

Back 46

Into the blood, into the lungs,
Equilibrated

Front 47

Oxygenated blood leaving the lungs has a ____ PO2 and a ____ PCO2 (High/low and value)

Back 47

High (100) and low (40)

Front 48

Cells have a ___ PO2 and a ____ PCO2 (High/low and value)

Back 48

Low (40) and high (46)

Front 49

Blood dissolved in plasma account for ___ % of oxygen transfer while blood attached to hemoglobin accounts for ____%

Back 49

1.5 and 98.5

Front 50

One hemoglobin molecule can hold ___ O2 molecules attached to the ___ in the ___ part of the protein

Back 50

4, Iron, Heme

Front 51

Males have ___ RBC's/mm while females have ___/mm

Back 51

5.2, 4.7

Front 52

The life span of erythrocytes

Back 52

120 days

Front 53

____ RBC's die every day

Back 53

250 million

Front 54

The production of RBC's is called

Back 54

Erythropoiesis

Front 55

Erythropoiesis requires what 4 things

Back 55

Amino acids, iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12

Front 56

What organs destroy RBC's

Back 56

Spleen and Liver

Front 57

Why do immature RBC's have a nucleus while mature ones do not

Back 57

Immature RBC's need nucleus only for production of Hb whereas Hb cannot be produced in a mature RBC

Front 58

High temperature and acidity in the surrounding area will _____ dissociation (Increase/decrease)

Back 58

Increase

Front 59

Erythropoiesis is monitored by what hormone, produced where

Back 59

Erythropoietin, EPO
Kidneys

Front 60

The stimulation of EPO secretion occurs when

Back 60

O2 levels drop in the kidneys

Front 61

A lower O2 level in the kidneys can be caused by (4)

Back 61

Decrease in CO, lung disease, high altitude, or a decrease in the number of RBC's or Hb conc.

Front 62

Why do males have more RBC's than females?

Back 62

Males have more testosterone which is also a stimulant for the secretion of EPO

Front 63

RBC's are produced in

Back 63

Red Bone marrow

Front 64

List the reactants and products of the reversible O2-Hemoglobin reaction

Back 64

O2 + Hb <---> HbO2
Oxygen and Hemoglobin = Oxyhemoglobin

Front 65

If PO2 is high, what direction will the HbO2 reaction move

Back 65

Towards creating more oxyhemoglobin

Front 66

What does the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve state?

Back 66

The greater PO2, the higher the % of HbO2 and vice versa

Front 67

Name the 3 ways CO2 can be transported

Back 67

1) In the plasma
2) As a bicarbonate ion
3) Attached to proteins to form carbamino compounds

Front 68

What % of CO2 is transported in the plasma

Back 68

7-10

Front 69

What % of CO2 is transported in bicarbonate ion

Back 69

70%

Front 70

How is bicarbonate formed

Back 70

CO2 reacts with H2O catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase and then dissolves into bicarbonate and hydrogen.
The H+ stays in the cell and is carried away

Front 71

What is the chloride shift

Back 71

After HCO3- leaves the RBC, there is a highly positive charge in the cell, so the chloride diffuses in to balance the charge

Front 72

What % of the CO2 is transported using carbamino compounds

Back 72

20-23

Front 73

Where do carbamino compounds come from and how do they transport CO2

Back 73

It attaches to the deoxygenated Hb and forms carbamino hemoglobin, returning to the lungs

Front 74

Name the 3 types of CO2 transport

Back 74

Plasma, Bicarbonate, Carbamino compounds

Front 75

What are the two types of breathing

Back 75

Spontaneous and Voluntary

Front 76

What type of breathing is used more

Back 76

Spontaneous

Front 77

Where does spontaneous respiration originate

Back 77

The medullary respiratory centre of the medulla oblongata

Front 78

Where does voluntary respiration originate

Back 78

The cerebral cortex

Front 79

Which type of respiration system is capable of overriding the other

Back 79

Voluntary can override spontaneous

Front 80

What region of the brain regulates rate of breathing

Back 80

Pneumotaxic centre

Front 81

What region of the brain regulates depth of breathing

Back 81

Apneustic centre

Front 82

Where in the brain are the pneumotaxic and apeustic centres

Back 82

Pons

Front 83

What are chemoreceptors used for in the Resp system

Back 83

To detect the O2 and CO2 levels in the blood

Front 84

What two groups of chemoreceptors are there and where are they located

Back 84

Peripheral are located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus
Central are located in the medulla of the brainstem

Front 85

What gas are peripheral chemoreceptors most sensitive to?

Back 85

O2, and slightly CO2

Front 86

How do central chemoreceptors work

Back 86

They are most sensitive to H+ in the interstitial space of the brain. When the CO2 diffuses through the blood brain barrier, it reacts with water to do the bicarb reaction and creates H+ as an additional product, which is picked up by the sensor