Physiology 1

Front 1

Describe metabolic absorption

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cells can take in nutrients and other substances

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3 components of eukaryotic cell

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cytoplasm, organelles, plasma membrane

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most of cell's genetic info is contained in

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nucleus

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3 phases of cellular catabolism

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digestion, glycolysis and oxideation of the citric acid cycle

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under anaerobic conditions, process of _____ provides energy for cell

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glycolosis

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electrolytes

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electrically charged molecules

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passive transport

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drive by osmosis, diffustion or hydrostatic pressure

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phagocytosis

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lysomal enzumes can be released to degrade engulfed particles

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basic components of DNA

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phosphate molecule, deoxyribose and four nitrogenous bases

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somatic cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes

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aneuploid cell

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condition in which extra portion of chromosome is present in each cell

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partial trisomy

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person in chromosomal mosaic, they may

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have a mild form of hte genetic disease

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most common cause Down syndrome

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maternal nondisjunction

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karyotpye revesl an absent homologouse x chromsome with a single x chromosome present

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turner syndrome

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XXY person has genetic disorder

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Klinefelter syndrome

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1. couplehas three offsprint; one child with n autosomal dominant disease trait and twowho are normal. The father is affectedby the autosomal disease, but the mother does not have the disease gene. Whatis the recurrence risk of this autosomal dominant disease for their next child.

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50%

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cYSTIC FIBROSIS IS CAUSE BY A ______________ GENE

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AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE

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abnormal proliferation of cell in response to excessive hormonal stimulation

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pathologic hyperplasia

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hypoxic injury can results from

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ischemia

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lipid peroXIDATION LEADS TO

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cell membrane damage

Front 21

oncosos refers to the cellular accumulation of

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water

Front 22

a common pathwya of irreversible cell injury invovles increased intercellular

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calcium

Front 23

apoptosis is a codntion in which cells are programmed to

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die

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in distinguishing aging from disease

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difficult, both are thought ot be result of cell injury

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water balance is closely related to

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sodium balance

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secretion of ADH is stimulated by

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increased plasma osmolarity

Front 27

which is most significant reisk factor for developing hypernatremia

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deyhdration

Front 28

treatment of pernicious anemia with B12 of folate may precipatitate

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hypokalemia

Front 29

long term potassium deficits damage the

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kidneys

Front 30

regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of volatile acid is accomplished by the

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lungs

Front 31

one cause of metabolic alkalosis is

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excessive loss of Cl

Front 32

acute compensation for metabolic acidosis includes

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hyperventilation

Front 33

33. An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatiguesd and unable to contract the athlete asks the nurse why this happened. The nurses response is based on the knowledge that the problem is a result of a deficienty of:

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ATP

Front 34

which pahse of catabolism produces most ATP

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citric acid cycle

Front 35

iron transporter that move NA+ nd CA+ simulaneously in the same direction is an exampe of which type of transport

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symport

Front 36

1. nurse isreading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls thatoncot pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determine by:

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plasma proteins

Front 37

1. A patient has a body fulid of 200mOSmkg. The labresult is measureing

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osmality

Front 38

1. Which form of cell communication is used torelate to other cells in direct physical contact

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cell junction

Front 39

1. In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a ahighaffinity for a

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substrate

Front 40

1. A faculty member asks a student to identify theappropriate term for the movemet of a solute from an area of greater to lesserconcentration. Which answer indicatedthe nursing student understood the teaching

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diffusion

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1. Which of the following can bind to plasmamembrane receptors

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ligands

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1. A biologist is explaining how RNA directs thesynthesis of protein. Which process is the biologist describing:

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translation

Front 43

1. A 20 year old pregnant female gives birth to astillborn. Autopsy revels that the fetushas 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe thiscondition?

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tetrapolidy

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1. A patient wants to know the risk factors forDown Syndrome. What is the nurses bestresponse?

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over 35

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1. A patient, 9 , is sadmitted to the pediatricunit with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. When planning care the nurse recalls the patient inherited thiscondition through a tratit that is .

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sex linked recessive

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1. A child is dignosed with cystic fibrosis. History reveals that the childs parents aresiblings. Cytic fibrosis was most likelythe restuls of.

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consanguinity

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1. The gradual increase in height among the humanpopulation over the past 100 years is an example of:

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multifactorial trait

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express a polygenic trait

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several genes must act together

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type of mutation does not change the amino acid sequency and thus has observable consequence

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silent

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1. Which of the following disorders is manifestedprimarily in males+

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muscular dystrophy

Front 51

1. When discussing DNA replication, which enzyme isthe most important

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DNA polymerase

Front 52

1. A 15 year old is diagnosed with PRader-willisyndrome. This condition is an exampleof:

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genomic imprinting

Front 53

1. N aide asks the nurse why people who haveneurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurseexplain to the aide?

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expressivity

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1. What comorbid condition does an individualdiagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedmann syndrome have and increased risk of developing

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cancer

Front 55

1. When considering abnormal epigeneticmodifications what factor is currently being viewed as as strongly associatedwith the development of some cancers?

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environmental stressors

Front 56

1. Research has demonstrated that neural stem cellshave an impaired ability to differentiate into functional neurons whensubjected to

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ethanol

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1. Research has demonstrated that neural stem cellshave an impaired ability to differentiate into functional neurons whensubjected to:

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they are transcriptionally active

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1. Which embryonic stem cell characteristic isreferred to as totipotent?

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ability to differentiate into any type of somatic cell

Front 59

1. 5-Azacytidine has demonstrated promise intreatment of which form of cancer?

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pancreatic

Front 60

1. During which stage of human development does therole of epigenetics have the greatest impact on the development of epigeneticabnormalities?

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in utero

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1. A report comes back that muscular atrophy hasoccurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in musclecell+

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size

Front 62

1. A 55 year old male is diagnosed withhepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of theliver is removed, the remaining cells would undergo

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compensatory hyperplasia

Front 63

1. Sodium and water accumulate in an injured cellare a direct result of

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decreased ATP production

Front 64

1. The early dilation (swelling) of the cell’sendoplasmic reticulum results in

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reduced protein synthesis

Front 65

1. A 20 year old male presents to the emergencydepartment with a jagged sharp-force injury that is longer than it is deep.Which type of wound will the nurse be caring for

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incised wound

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1. Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brainbecauweIt isrich in hydrolytic enzymes and lipids

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1. Whe a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurrigwithin 6-14 hours afte death, the nuse should document this b=finding as apresence of

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rigor mortis

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1. Confirmation of somatic death is based on

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complete cessation of respiration and circulation

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1. A 50 year old femail because infected withColostridium bactria and died a week later. Examination of her red blood cells revealts lysis of membranes. Which ofthe following was the ost likely cause of her death?

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gas gangrene

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1. A 35year old female is diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Biopsy of the tumor revealsRussell bodies and laboratory testing reveals kidney dysfuntion. Whichsubstance should the nurse monitor as it is accumulation in the patients body?

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protein

Front 71

1. A 50 yearold male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicleaccident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface ofthe dura mater and the surface of the brain. Which type of injury will thenurse be caring for?

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subdural hematoma

Front 72

1. A familypresents to their primary care provider reporting headache nausea, eweanesstinnitus and vomiting. Which of thefollowing would be the molst likely explanation for these symptoms.

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carbon monoxide poisoning

Front 73

1. A patient has a heart attack that leads toprogressive cell ijury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling andbreakdown of organelles. What term wouldthe nurse use to define this process?

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necrosis

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1. While planning care for elderly individuals, thenurse remembers the elderly are at a higher risk for developing dehydrationbecause they have

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decreased muscle mass

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1. Water movement between the ICF and the ECFcompartments is determined by

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osmotic forces

Front 76

1. An experiment was designed to test the effectsof the Starling fores on fluid movment. Which of the following alterations would result in fluid moving into theinterstitial space?

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decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Front 77

1. A 10 yr ol male is brought to the emergency room((ER) incoherent and semiconscious. CT Scan reveals that he is suffering fromcerebral edema. This type of edema is referred to as:

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localized edema

Front 78

1. Which statement by the staff indicates teachingwas successful concerning aldosterone? Secretion of aldosterone results in

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increased blood volume

Front 79

1. Which of the following conditions would causethe nurse to monitor for hyperkalemia?

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acute acidosis

Front 80

which buffer pairs is considered major plasma buffering system

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carbonic acid/bicarbonate

Front 81

1. Which patient should the nurse assess for bothhyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis? A patient diagnosed with:

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renal failure

Front 82

1. A 60 year old femail is diagnosed withhyperkalemia. Which assessment finding should the nurse epect to observe? question # 83

Front 83

1. Which finding would support he diagnosis of therespiratory acidosis

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pneumonia

Front 84

86. A 60 year old femail presents to her primary are provider reporting muscle weakness and cardia abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemis. Which of the follinwg could be the cause of her condition?

Back 84

laxative abuse

Front 85

1. (A 5 yearold male presents to the ER with delirium nd sunken eyes. Afer diagnosing him with severe dehydration,the primary care provider orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hyper tonicintravenous solution. Which of the following would be expected?

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intracellular dehydration

Front 86

1. A 25 year old male is diagnosed with a hormonesecretig tumor of the adrenal cortex. Which finding would the nurse expect tosee in the lab results?

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decreased blood K+ Levels

Front 87

1. For a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis,the body will compensate by

Back 87

hyperventilation

Front 88

1. A 35 year old males weights 70kg. Approximately how much of the weight isconsidered the toal volume of body water?

Back 88

42 L

Front 89

1. For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chroniccompensation by the body will include

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KIDNEY EXCRETION OF h+

Front 90

1. A 55 year old femae presents to her primary careprovide and reports dizziness, confusion and tinging in the extremities. Booldtest reeal an elevated pH decreased PCO2 and slightly decreased HCO3. Which ofthe following is the most likely diagnosis.

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respiratory aldalosis with renal compensation

Front 91

1. A nurse is teaching staff about antidiuretichormone ADH. Which information should the nurse include? Secretion of ADH is stimulated by:+

Back 91

increased plasma osmolarity

Front 92

1. Which of the following patients should the nurseassess for decreased oncotic pressure in the capillaries? A patient with:

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liver failure

Front 93

1. A nurse is reviewing lab reports. The nurserecalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments?

Back 93

intravascular fluid

Front 94

1. During childhood, the thymus decreases in size ,and this is referred to as what type of atrophy?+

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physiologic

Front 95

1. A 55 yearold male with a 30 year history of smoking is examined for respoirationdisturbance. Examination of his airwayreveals that his stratified squamous epithelia cells have replaced the normcolumnar ciliated cells . This type of cellular adaptation is called:

Back 95

metaplasia

Front 96

1. A 52 year old male suffered a myocardialinfarction secondary to atherosclerosis an ischemia. Once blood flow isreturned to the damaged heart reperfusion injury occurs as a result of

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oxidative stress

Front 97

1. A 30 year old presents with gunshot wouldn tothe head. The wound has seared edges anda dep penetration of smoke and gunpowder fragments. This would would bedocuments as

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contact range enterance

Front 98

1. A 15 year old femail presents to the ER fllowinga physical assault. She has internaldamage to the neck with deep bruising. X Ray reveals fractures of the hyoid oneand tracheal and cricoid cartilate. Which the fhte following most likely causedher injuries?

Back 98

manual strangulation

Front 99

1. A newborn male is diagnosed with albinish basedon the skin, eye and hair appearance. Which finding will supot this diagnosis.

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inability to convert tyrosine to DOPS