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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Cardiovascular diseases account for what percentage of US deaths?
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40%
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Cancers are _______ most common cause of death.
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second
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_____________________ is fourth most common cause of death.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, chronic airway obstruction)
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Diabetes is ______ most common cause of death.
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sixth
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In last 25 years, CV disease death has _________ and cancer death has __________. This is due to _________________.
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decreased, increased, development in treating CV but not in cancer.
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________________ people die from CV diseases yearly.
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900,000
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300,000 deaths annually due to ___________.
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physical inactivity and poor diet
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Main causes of death in 1900 were _________________.
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influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis
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According to CDC, only __% of causes of death today are curable by medicine.
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12
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__%of deaths cannot be prevented by medicine. Of this __% can be controlled by lifestyle and __% are genetic.
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88, 48, 24
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_______ is a major lifestyle disease. __% develop due to lifestyle.
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Cancer, 80
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__% of deaths are due to environment.
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16
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___________ are not cause of increase in chronic diseases (diabetes, heart attack, etc). They are result of _______________.
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mutations, Western lifestyle (poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking).
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__________________________ are diseases that develop over an entire lifetime.
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Degenerative diseases
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__% of young people are already developing CV disease.
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70
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New diseases
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asthma, lupus, scleroderma, gulf war syndrome, reproductive problems, multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS)
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How does MCS affect various sysems?
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nervous system - headaches, blurred vision, aggressiveness
immune system - allergic reactions to food and chemicals endocrine system - females with continual menstruation or bleeding from breasts |
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VOC
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volatile organic chemicals
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__-__% of population is allergic to pesticides and fragrances.
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20-30
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EPA
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Environmental Protection Agency
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__% of chemical company's income comes from ___________.
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40, pesticides
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life expectancy
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how long people live on average
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life span
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how long population can survive (hasn't changed drastically sinc 1900)
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Life span remains about ___-___ years.
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100-110
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40% reduction in caloric intake in rats - __% increase in life expectancy and life span.
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50
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Factors in reducing physiological age
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1. Sleep
2. Food intake 3. Exercise 4. Not smoking 5. Moderate alcohol consumption 6. Stress |
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fats, carbs, proteins are the:
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3 basic macronutrients
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Nathan Pritikin came up with the Pritikin diet in ____. _____ of the world consumes a diet like Pritikin's.
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1947, half
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Levels of structural organization
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Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism
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Most common atoms in body
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C, H, O, Na, N
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Most common molecules in body
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O2, H2O, NaCl
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Complex molecules in body
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carbs, proteins, fats, triglycerides
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4 types of tissue
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epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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Organ:
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made of 2 or more different types of tissue and has a characteristic shape
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Life sustaining functions
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1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness 3. Conduction 4. Movement 5. Growth 6. Differentiation 7. Reproduction |
My rabbit chomped my good dog Rover
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2 types of metabolism
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Catabolism, Anabolism
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responsiveness
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ability of tissue to respond to stimuli, associated with electrical activity of our cells, at rest cell is more negative on inside than outside
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conduction
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excitable cell relays signal from one part of body to another
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AP
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action potential - nerve impulse
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AP associated with changes in the _______________________________.
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permeability of the cell membrane
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Body can also communicate via _________. But it is a slower process.
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hormones
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3 types of muscle tissue that can contract
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skeletal (main muscle tissues in body), cardiac (heart muscles), smooth (lining of arteries, intestinal tract, etc)
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2 ways the body grows
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hyperplasia (increase in cell number)
hypertrophy (increase in cell size) |
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blood glucose homeostasis
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food intake - blood glucose level increases - pancreas releases insulin - stimulates primarily muscle to take up glucose - blood glucose decreases
fasting - pancreas releases GLUCAGON - stimulates liver to release glucose - blood glucose increases |
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hyperglycemia
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glucose too high - occurs in glucose intolerance/diabetes
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hypoglycemia
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glucose too low
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Important cellular structures
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1. Membrane
2. Cytoplasm 3. Lysosome 4. Mitochondria 5. Nucleus 6. Ribosome |
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membrane
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plasma membrane contains lipids and proteins with lipids arranged in bilayer.
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phospholipids have ______ head groups.
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polar, hydrophilic
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hydrophobic
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repels water, fat is not soluble in water
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hydrophilic
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attracted to water, polar, soluble in water
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cytoplasm is location for functions such as:
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protein synthesis, glycolysis, storage of fat and glycogen, and contains electrolytes
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lysosome
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contains enzymes that break down and digest molecules
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Mitochondria is the location of ___ production by _____________________, where ________ is used to convert _________ derived from nutrients into _________ providing energy for ATP synthesis.
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ATP, oxidative metabolism, oxygen, hydrogen, water
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DNA organized into _________________________________.
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23 rod like chromosome pairs
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____ is made in the nucleus. It is used to produce new ___________.
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mRNA, proteins
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Ribosome is the organelle where __________ are assembled and packaged in the ___________________ and sent where needed.
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proteins, Golgi apparatus
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2 forms of gene expression
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transcription, translation
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transcription
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code transferred from DNA to ribosomes for translation (DNA code is copied - called mRNA transcript - mRNA goes to ribosome)
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translation
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mRNA used to create new protein (protein assembly occurs at ribosome - amino acids in the cytoplasm are linked together in a sequence dictated by the mRNA - amino acids are delivered by tRNA - amino acids are linked by peptide bonds, performed by ribosome)
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functions of proteins
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1. enzymes
2. cytoskeleton 3. muscle contraction - myosin and actin 4. hormones 5. antibodies 6. receptors 7. channels, transporters, pumps |
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enzymes
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biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body
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cytoskeleton
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supports and organizes cell components and controls their movement, like a scaffoliding for cell and railroad tracks for movement
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hormones
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signal molecules
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antibodies
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proteins produced in body in response to foreign substances
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receptors
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proteins imbedded in cell membrane - communicators between the outside and inside of the cell
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channels transporters and pumps
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in the cell membrane, allow for movement of molecules and ions from outside to inside and vice versa
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body cell division
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mitosis
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mitosis
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a complete set of genetic information is distributed to make 2 new daughter cells, provides new cels for growth, replenishment, and repair
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cell types that lose ability to divide
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nerve and muscle cells
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cell types that continue to divide
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blood cells, skin cells, etc
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cancer
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a complex disease characterized by abnormal cell division which results in tumor formation
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2 types of tumors
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benign (non-cancerous), malignant (cancerous)
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benign tumors
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slow-growing, doesn't infiltrate surrounding tissue, can be surgically removed
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malignant tumors
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cells may multiply rapidly and spread to other tissues of the body, called METASTASIS
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mutant, cancer causing gene is called
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an oncogene
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oncogene
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has ability to transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell when activated
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proto-oncogene
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normal cellular gene that regulates growth and differentiation - when a mutation occurs, the growth control for the cell is deregulated
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tumor suppressor genes
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anti-oncogenes
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carcinogenesis
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multi-step process - initiation, promotion, progression
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carcinogens
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chemicals that increase frequency of mutations and cause cancer
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cigarette smoking causes __% if all cancer deaths
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30
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tobacco smoking/chewing
a.) lung cancer b.) mouth cancer c.) lip cancer d.) greatly increased risk of cancer |
a.) cigarette smoke
b.) chewing tobacco c.) cigar smoking d.) combination of alcohol and smoking |
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heavy alcohol use associated with cancers of the:
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mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, and possibly breat
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alcohol increases stomach secretions, which can lead to ___________ which impairs _______________________
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gastritis, nutrient absorption
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types of carcinogens
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cigarette smoking, alcohol, diet, UV radiation, pollutants, pesticides
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there's 6
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free radicals
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molecules with unpaired electrons than can damage DNA
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______________________ can block carcinogenic effect, found in _______________________.
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antioxidants, cruciferous vegetables
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co-carcinogens stimulate tumor growth in _________________ phase and include:
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promotion, hormones, growth genes, dietary fat
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how does diet affect tumor production/promotion?
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dietary fat/sugar incrase free radical formation
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__-__% of cancer incidents stem from genetic causes.
__% of cancers are related to lifestyle __-__% of cancers we cannot explain |
10-15
75 10-15 |
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Incidence of breast cancer has ____________, mortality has ______________.
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increased, remained constant
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major factors in development of breast cancer
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lifestyle and obesity
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__________________ also important in breast cancer
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estrogen
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aromatese
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steroid hormones -> E2 (estrogen)
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the more fat cells one has, the more __________ that is present to convert steroid hormones to ______________.
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aromatese, estrogen
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risk factors associated with breast cancer
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age, obesity, high-fat diet, early onset of menses, having no children, hacing 1st child after age 30, alcohol consumption, exposure to pesticides, lack of exercise, family history
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protective factors against breast cancer
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soy products, dietary fiber
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HRT
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estrogen replacement therapy - used for heart disease, but risk for breast cancer increases
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most common cancer assoc. with significant mortality in men
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prostate cancer
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prostate gland
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glad below bladder that secretes acidic solution that contributes to sperm motility and viability - tends to enlarge with age
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risk factors of prostate cancer
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older men (60+)
obesity and high-fat diet ethnicity (blacks 40% more risk than whites) 90% success rate in detecting and removing early |
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steps for early detection of prostate cancer
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rectal exams at age 40
PSA test (prostate specific antigen) at age 50 biopsy performed in 1 and 2 indicate problem |
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some think _________ increases risk of prostate cancer - men on low fat diet see a __% decrease in it
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estrogen, 50
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a low-fat diet decreases ___________ whichis a stimulator of prostate tumor growth
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insulin
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estrogen stimulates growth of prostate cancer in vitro (in test tube) by __%
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90
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colon cancer is ________ most common cancer in men and women
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third
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_________________________ comprises of 10-12% of all cancer deaths in US
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colon cancer
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colon cancer is associated with ___________ production
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bile acid
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Bile acid production depends on ___________________________
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fat consumed in diet
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____________ stored in the liver is converted to __________ which are stored in the gall bladder. Eating a fatty meal releases these ___________ so they can break up the ___.
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Cholesterol, bile acids, bile acids, fat
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cholesterol - primary bile acids formed in _____________ - secondary bile acids formed in __________________.
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liver, intestines
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________________________ cause more secondary bile acid formation.
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Anaerobic bacteria in intestines
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Regular aerobic exercise reduces colon cancer risk by __%
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50
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NMSC
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non-melanoma skin cancer
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NMSC traits
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low mortality
due to UV exposure occurs more in males and light-skinned discolored red patches that grow normal seen in older people |
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most common cancer in US
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NMSC
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Melanoma
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UV rays cause DNA damage
brown spots on skin enlarge |
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functions of bones
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1. support the body
2. protect organs 3. movement 4. mineral storage sties for calcium and phosphorus 5. produce blood cells from stem cells in marrow |
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epiphysis
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end of bones
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diaphysis
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shaft of bone, contains marrow
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periosteum
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resilent outside layer that covers bone, white, shiny substance
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epiphyseal plate
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where bone lengthens during growth phase
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2 types of cells that regulate bone
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osteoblasts, osteoclasts
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osteoblasts
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when blood calcium level is high, they deposit calcium and phosphorus into bone structure
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osteoclasts
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when blood calcium is low, they break down bone and release calcium and phosphorus
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ossification
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formation of bone
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osteoporosis
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excessive loss of calcium from the bones
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causes of osteoporosis
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lack of estrogen, dietary calcium deficiency, lack of regular exercise, activities that put force on bone, excessive protein intake, excessive alcohol intake, smoking, diabetes, medications
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3 main types of joints
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immovable - synarthrosis
slightly moveable - amphiarthosis freely moveable - diarthrosis |
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synovial joints
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contain synovial fluid which lubricates joints
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patella
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sits on top of knee and protects it
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articular cartilage
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protective and connective tissue lying on ends of bone
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fibrous capsule
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encloses entire joint
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synovial membrane
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produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint
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meniscus
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sponge-like tissue for shock absorbing
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ligaments
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connect bone to bone
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3 types of arthritis
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osteoarthritis
gouty arthritis rheumatoid arthritis |
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osteoarthritis
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degeneration of articular cartilage
end of bone exposed calcium spurs accumulate at end of bone likely due to diet or environment |
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gouty arthritis
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uric acid crystals deposited in joints
uric acid result of DNA breakdown genetic link dietary factors cause problems for people with this genetic background |
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rheumatoid arthritis
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genetically inherited
immune system attacks its own joint tissue and causes inflammation of synovial membrane can be improved with diet and exercise cold water fish can also help |
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spinal column made of __ bones
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33
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pulmonary artery
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only artery that carries deoxygenated blood
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pulmonary vein
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only vein that carries oxygenated blood
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heart's autonomic nervous system
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parasympathetic nervous system - decreases HR
sympathetic nervous system - increases HR |
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ischemic
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heart doesn't get oxygen - heart cells turn to scar tissue
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blood contains...
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water, blood cells (red/white blood cells, platelets), hormones, enzymes, signaling molecules, glucose, amino acids, fats
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CV system functions
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deliver oxygen and nutrients to body cells
remove end products fo metabolism |
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heart operates in 2 phases
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systole - eject blood (higher BP)
diastole - relaxes and fills with blood (lower BP) |
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diseases of the heart
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1. valvular diseases
2. arrhythmias 3. ischemia |
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valvular diseases
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stenosis (narrowing)
regurgiation (leaky valve that doesn't close all the way) prolapse (valve pushed too far and becomes inside out) |
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arrhythmias
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chambers of heart do not beat in proper sequence
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ischemia
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lack of oxygen to heart
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myocardial infarction
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heart muscle dies and turns to scar tissue
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lumen
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hole in artery
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parts of artery
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intima
media adventitia |
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intima
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elastic endothelial layer that produces chemicals like nitric oxide
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media
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smooth muscle cells - control diameter of lumen
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adventitia
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connective tissue
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common sites of ischemia
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coronary arteries
carotid arteries in neck leg arteries - claudication |
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atherosclerosis
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accumulation of cholesterol in artery wall
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fatty streaks
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oxidized cholesterol and lipid accumulate in artery wall because endolethium is damaged
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intermediate lesion
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excessive cholesterol and fatty substances deposited as endothelial cells are damaged further by oxidized cholesterol - FIBROUS CAP forms
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advanced lesion
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calcium and phosphorous mineralized salts - hardening of lesion
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clinical event
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heart attack/stroke
rupture of fibrous cap |
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functions of cholesterol
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part of cell membrane structure
precursor to steroid hormones constituent of bile acids |
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facts of cholesterol
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converted to bile and goes to gall bladder, released when fat is ingested
released into blood to provide body cells with cholesterol body absorbs lipoproteins from blood via LDL receptor |
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ways to lower cholesterol pool in liver
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do not ingest saturated fat or partially hydrogenated oils
decrease production of endogenous cholesterol increase water soluble fiber intake |
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how cholesterol and fats are packaged
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blood lipoproteins - lipids combined with proteins
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lipoproteins involved in triglyceride transport
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chylomicrons - seen right after meal
VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) - produced in liver, very high in triglycerides |
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transport form of fats
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lipoproteins
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lipoproteins involved in cholesterol transport
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LDL (low-density lipop) - BAD CHOLESTEROL, formed in bloodstream from VLDL
HDL (high density lipop) - GOOD, derived from liver |
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HMG-CoA reductase
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rate-limiting enzyme endogenous cholesterol synthesis
FFA,glucose -> acetyl CoA -> HMG-CoA ---reductase stuff------> mevolonate ->-> cholesterol |
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stimulators of HMG-CoA
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saturated fat
elevated insulin levels trans fatty acids testosterone |
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has greatest impact on cholesterol levels
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Saturated fat
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bile acid sequestrants
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bind to bile so both are excreted so less cholesterol is reabsorbed
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niacin, nicotinic acid
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inhibit liver's production of VLDV
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drugs reduce heart attacks by __%
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33
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vasoconstriction
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high resistance
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vasodilation
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low resistance
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