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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of d/o is Aphasia?
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speech d/o where there are problems comprehending and producing sentences b/c the words are thrown together
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What is the cause of Aphasia?
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damage to the left temporal lobe
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- fatigue
- loss of energy - inability to concentrate - sleep disturbances - thoughts of death are all symptoms of what d/o? |
Clinical Depression
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Why may depression be connected to biological rhythms?
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depression is cyclical
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How is dysthymia different from clinical depression?
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the symptoms are the same BUT less severe
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Bi-polar consists of periods of ______ and _______.
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Mania ------Depression
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What are the symptoms of mania?
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- inflated self esteem
- decreased need for sleep - increased speech - distractability - increased activity levels - pleasure seeking - occaisionally there may be delusions |
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How are the cycles of bipolar different in children than in adults?
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cycles are faster (typically daily) in children
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What are the two lesser forms of bipolar d/o?
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Bipolar 2 and Cyclothymia
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What phase is shorter in Bipolar 2?
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mania
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Why is Cyclothymia considered less severe than bi-polar?
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the symptoms are less severe and less disruptive in their lives
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Are concordance rates higher for bipolar or depression?
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Higher for Depression (50%)
Bipolar (20-75%) |
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What area of the brain is most effected by affect d/os?
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Frontal Lobe
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Where is the frontal lobe located?
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The Cortex
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Most of the brain's ______ matter is located in the cortex.
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grey
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People with depression have significantly ______ grey matter in the __________.
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less---- orbital frontal cortex
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People with bipolar d/o have significantly__________ grey matter in the _______.
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less--- prefrontal
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What areas have reductions in brain tissue with both bipolar and depression?
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subcortical structures (ie amygdala_
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Those with ___________ have less activity in their __________.
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depression---- left frontal cortex
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Those with __________ have increased activity in their ______.
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bipolar------ frontal lobe
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What neurotransmitters are impacted in depression?
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norepinephrine
serotonin dopamine |
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What is the monoamine hypothesis?
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decreased levels of the neurotransmitters induce the symptoms of depression
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Why does increasing dopamine levels stop depression?
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the changes in mood are actually due to the changes in sensitivity to neurotransmitters, not the neurotransmitters themselves
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What are the 3 classes of antidepressants?
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-Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
-Tricyclics -Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
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Are antidepressants agonists or antagonists?
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Agonists
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How do MAOIs work?
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prevent oxidase from breaking down norepinephrine and serotonin
this leaves the neurotransmitters in the synapse for longer |
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What is the side effect of MAOIs?
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negative interaction with acids in foods and can increase blood pressure to fatal levels
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How do Tricyclics work?
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prevents the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
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Tricyclics work best for what kind of depression?
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severe
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What are the side effects of Tricyclics?
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dizziness, drowsiness, sweating dry mouth blurred vision
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How do SSRIs work?
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decreases the reuptake of serotonin which leaves it in the synapse longer
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Which antidepressant works the fastest?
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SSRIs (one week compared to 2-3 for others)
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What are the side effects for SSRIs?
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nausea, headaches, suicidal tendancies
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What d/o was ECT originally used to treat?
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Schizophrenia
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How does ECT work?
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might normalize/increase blood flow to the frontal lobe
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What were the side effects for ECT? How are the mitigated now?
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contraction of the muscles could break bones.... now the patients are given sedatives and muscle relaxants so that only the brain goes through the seizures
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what is rTMS?
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Retinal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
expensive & experimental treatment for depression that focuses energy on the prefrontal cortex |
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What kinds of episodes do the best bipolar treatments focus on?
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Manic
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What kinds of medications are used to treat bipolar d/o?
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mood stabilizers
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How does Lithium Carbonate work?
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effects the production, reuptake, and breakdown of several neurotransmitters
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What is the main problem involved with using lithium?
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it is difficult to find and maintain the correct dosage
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What are the side effects of lithium?
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cognitive deficiencies, obesity, frequent urination
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What role do circadian rhythms play in depression and bipolar d/o?
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the d/o are cyclical and individuals with depression have sleep disturbances
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What kinds of sleep disturbances do individuals with depression experience?
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less slow wave sleep (3&4)
more time in stage 1 & REM sleep they have faster sleep cycles |
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How does selective sleep deprivation work?
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decreasing REM sleep decreases the experience of depression symptoms
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What is the problem with total sleep deprivation?
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can trigger manic episode in bipolar patients and the depression comes back as soon as they sleep
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