Physiological Psychology - Chapter 3

Front 1

Neuraxis

Back 1

an imaginary line drawn through the centre of the length of the CNS from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forehead

Front 2

Anterior

Back 2

with respect to CNS, located near or toward the head

Front 3

Posterior

Back 3

with respect to CNS, located near or toward the tail

Front 4

Rostral

Back 4

REMEMBER "ROSTRUM" MEANS ROOSTER'S BEAK IN LATIN***
“toward the beak”; with respect to CNS, in a direction along the neuraxis toward the front of the face

Front 5

Caudal

Back 5

“toward the tail”; with respect to CNS, in a direction along neuraxis away from face

Front 6

Dorsal

Back 6

“toward the back”, with respect to CNS, in a direction perpendicular to neuraxis toward top of head or back

Front 7

Ventral

Back 7

“toward the belly”, with respect to CNS, in a direction perpendicular to neuraxis towards bottom of skull or front surface of body

Front 8

Lateral

Back 8

Toward the side

Front 9

Medial

Back 9

Toward the middle

Front 10

Ipsilateral

Back 10

located on same side of

Front 11

Contralateral

Back 11

located on the opposite side of the body

Front 12

Cross sections:

Back 12

with respect to CNS, a slice taken at right angles with neuraxis (like a “salami” we cut)

Front 13

Frontal sections

Back 13

a slice through the brain parallel to the forehead

Front 14

Horizontal sections:

Back 14

a slice through the brain parallel to the ground

Front 15

Sagittal sections

Back 15

a slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground

Front 16

Midsagittal plane

Back 16

the plane through the neuraxis perpendicular to the ground; divides the brain into 2 symmetical halves

Front 17

Meninges

Back 17

the three layers of tissue that encase the CNS: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Front 18

Dura mater:

Back 18

"tough mother" the outermost of the meninges, tough and flexible

Front 19

Arachnoid membrane

Back 19

the middle later of meninges, located b/n dura and pia mater, soft and spongy

Front 20

Pia mater

Back 20

the layer of meninges that clings to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate

Front 21

Ventricle

Back 21

“little belly” – one of the hollow spaces w/in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Front 22

Lateral ventricles

Back 22

one of the 2 ventricles located in the centre of the telencephalon (on the side of head)

Front 23

Third ventricle

Back 23

the ventricle located in the centre of the diencephalon (located at midline of brain; divide into symmetrical halves)

Front 24

Cerebral aqueduct

Back 24

a narrow tube interconnecting the 3rd ventricle and 4th ventricles of the brain, located in the centre of the mesencephalon

Front 25

Fourth ventricle

Back 25

the ventricle located b/n the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon

Front 26

Chroid plexus

Back 26

MAKES CSF
the highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces CSF

Front 27

Arachnoid granulations

Back 27

small projections of the arachnoid membrane through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus; CSF flows through them to be reabsorbed into the blood stream

Front 28

Superior sagittal sinus

Back 28

a venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the corpus callosum, between the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 29

Obstructive hydrocephalus

Back 29

a condition in which all or some of the brain’s ventricles are enlarged; caused by an obstruction that impedes the normal flow of CSF (enlargement of ventricles & brain damage)

Front 30

Neural tube

Back 30

a hollow tube, closed at the rostral end, that forms from ectodermal tissue early in embryonic dev; serves as origin of CNS

Front 31

What are the major divisions of the brain?

Back 31

1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain

Front 32

What are the subdivisions of the brain?

Back 32

1. Telencephalon ("end brain")
2. Diencephalon ("interbrain")
3. Mesencephalon
4. Metencephalon ("after brain")
5. myelencephalon ("marrowbrain")

Front 33

Cerebral cortex

Back 33

the outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres.

Front 34

Progenitor cells

Back 34

"parent cells"
cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS

Front 35

Ventricular zone

Back 35

a layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube; contains progenitor cells that divde and give rise to cells of the CNS

Front 36

Subventricular zone

Back 36

a layer of progenitor cells located just inside the ventricular zone; thicker in mammals with large brains

Front 37

symmetrical division

Back 37

division of progenitor cell that gives rise to two identical progenitor cells’ increases the size of ventricular zone and the brain that develops from it

Front 38

Asymmetrical division

Back 38

(next phase in progenitor cells...)
division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to another progenitor cell AND a neuron, which migrates away from VZ to its final resting place in the brain

Front 39

Radial glia

Back 39

special glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the VZ to the surface of the cortex; provide guidance for neurons migrating outwards dur brain dev

Front 40

Apoptosis

Back 40

death of a cell caused by chemical signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell

Front 41

Neurogenesis

Back 41

production of new neurons through the division of neural stem cells; CAN occur in the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb and appears to play a role in learning

Front 42

Forebrain

Back 42

the most rostral of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the telencephalon and diencephalon

Front 43

Cerebral hemisphere

Back 43

one of two major portions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex

Front 44

Subcortical region

Back 44

the region located within the brain, beneath the cortical surface

Front 45

Sulcus

Back 45

a groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than a fissure

Front 46

Fissure

Back 46

a major groove in the surface of the cere. Hemisphere, larger than sulcus

Front 47

Gyrus

Back 47

A convolution of the cortex of the cereb. Hemisphere, separate by sulci or fissures

Front 48

Why is grey matter grey and white matter white?

Back 48

Gray matter: cell bodies give gray look
White matter: myelin gives white look

Front 49

Primary visual cortex

Back 49

the region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is the visual system

Front 50

Primary auditory cortex

Back 50

the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is the auditory system

Front 51

Lateral fissure

Back 51

the fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes

Front 52

Primary somatosensory cortex

Back 52

the region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system

Front 53

Central sulcus

Back 53

a sulcus that separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

Front 54

Primary motor cortex

Back 54

the region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles

Front 55

Frontal lobe

Back 55

the anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral (towards face) to the parietal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe

Front 56

Parietal lobe:

Back 56

the region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal (towards top of head) to the temporal lobe

Front 57

Temporal lobe

Back 57

the region of c.c. rostral to occipital lobe and ventral (towards bottom of skull) to the parietal and frontal lobes

Front 58

Occipital lobe

Back 58

the region of the cc. caudal (away from face) to parietal and temporal lobes

Front 59

Sensory association cortex

Back 59

those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of the primary sensory cortex

Front 60

Motor association cortex

Back 60

the region of the frontal lobe rostral (towards face) to primary motor cortex, also known as PREMOTOR CORTEX

Front 61

Prefrontal cortex

Back 61

less involved with movement and more with formulating plans; region of brain rostral to motor association cortex

Front 62

Corpus callosum

Back 62

a large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain

Front 63

Neocortex

Back 63

(frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal) “new” phylogenetically newest cortex, including the primary sensory corted, primary motor cortex and association cortex

Front 64

Limbic cortex

Back 64

“limbus means border” – located around eges phylogenetically oldest cortex, located on medial edge of cerebral hemispheres; part of limbic system

Front 65

Cingulate gyrus

Back 65

a strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres – just above the corpus callosum

Front 66

Limbic system

Back 66

a group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and part of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles

Front 67

Amygdala “almond”:

Back 67

a structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei; part of the limbic system EMOTION

Front 68

Hippocampus “sea horse”:

Back 68

a forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system, includes the hippocampus proper (Ammon’s horn), dentate gyrus and subiculum MEMORY

Front 69

Fornix “arch”:

Back 69

a fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with the other parts of the brain, including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus; part of the limbic system

Front 70

Mammillary “breast shaped” bodies

Back 70

protrusions of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containg some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system

Front 71

Basal ganglia

Back 71

a group of subcortical nuclei in the telencephalon, the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the putamen, important parts of the motor system

Front 72

Nucleus

Back 72

an identifiable group of neural cell bodies in the central nervous system

Front 73

Diencephalon

Back 73

a region of the forebrain surrounding the third ventricle, includes the thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 74

Thalamus

Back 74

“inner chamber”; the largest portion of the diencephalon, located above the hypothalamus; contain nuclei that project info to the specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive info from it

Front 75

Projection fiber

Back 75

axon of a neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form synapses with neurons in another region

Front 76

Thalamus

Back 76

receive info from sensory and then send it to specific sensory projection areas of cerebral cortex

Front 77

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Back 77

a group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus that receives fibers from the retina and projects fibers to the primary visual cortex

Front 78

Medial geniculate nucleus

Back 78

a group of cell bodies within the medial geniculate body of the thalamus; receives fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex

Front 79

Ventrolateral nucleus

Back 79

a nucleus of the thalamus that receives inputs from the cerebellum and sends axons to the primary motor cortex

Front 80

Hypothalamus

Back 80

- the group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus; involved in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system, anterior/pituitary glands and species typical behaviour
- organizes FOUR “F” BEHAVIOURS: fighting, feeding, fleeing and mating

Front 81

Optic chiasm

Back 81

an X shaped connection between optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland

Front 82

Anterior pituitary gland

Back 82

the anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones
HORMONES!!!

Front 83

Neurosecretory cells:

Back 83

a posterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus
- control oxytocin = contractions/milk
- vasopressin = urine output kidneys

Front 84

Midbrain

Back 84

the mesencephalon; the central of the three major divisions of the brain

Front 85

Tectum

Back 85

“roof” the dorsal part of the midbrain; includes superior and inferior colliculi

Front 86

Superior colliculi

Back 86

protrusions on the top of the midbrain; part of VISUAL system

Front 87

Inferior colliculi

Back 87

protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the AUDITORY system

Front 88

Brain stem

Back 88

the “Stem” of the brain, from the medulla to the midbrain, excluding the cerebellum

Front 89

Tegentum

Back 89

“covering” the ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus and the substantianigra

Front 90

Reticular formation

Back 90

“little net” a large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from medulla to diencephalon

Front 91

Periqueductal gray matter

Back 91

the region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct; contains neural circuitis involved in species typical behaviour
- control sequences of movements e.g. fighting and mating

Front 92

Red nucleus

Back 92

a large nucleus of the midbrain that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sens axons to motor neurons of the spinal cords MOTOR SYSTEM

Front 93

Substantia nigra: “Black substance”

Back 93

a darkly stained region of the tementum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and the putamen of the basal ganglia
- degeneration of these neurons = Parkinson’s

Front 94

Cerebellum

Back 94

a major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons, containing two cerebellar hemispheres, covered with cerebellar cortex, an important component of MOTOR system

Front 95

Cerebellar cortex

Back 95

cortex covers surface of cerebellum

Front 96

Deep cerebellar nuclei

Back 96

nuclei located within the cerebellar hemispheres; receive projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain

Front 97

Cerebellar peduncle

Back 97

one of three bundles of axons that attach each hemisphere to the dorsal pons
- damage to cerebellum= motor problems

Front 98

Medulla oblongata:

Back 98

the most caudal portion of the brain; located in the myencephalon; immediately roxtral to the spinal cord

Front 99

Spinal cord

Back 99

the cord of the nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla
- distribute motor fibers and collect somatosensory info and bring to brain
- consists of white and gray matter (white matter outside, gray matter inside, unlike the brain)

Front 100

Spinal root

Back 100

a bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pair, which fuse and form a spinal nerve

Front 101

Cauda equina

Back 101

a bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord

Front 102

Caudal block

Back 102

the anesthesia and paralysis of the lower part of the body produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the cauda equine

Front 103

Dorsal root

Back 103

the spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers

Front 104

Ventral root

Back 104

the spinal root that contain outgoing (efferent) motor fibers

Front 105

Spinal nerves

Back 105

a peripheral nerve attached ot spinal cord
- leave veterbral column and branch out as they go

Front 106

Afferent axons

Back 106

an axon directed toward the CNS, conveying sensory info
- retina of eye actually part of brain and relays info (exception that others are all OUTSIDE OF brain)

Front 107

Dorsal root ganglia

Back 107

a nodule of a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve nodules

Front 108

Efferent axon

Back 108

an axon directed AWAY from the CNS, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands

Front 109

Cranial nerves

Back 109

a peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain

Front 110

vagus nerve:

Back 110

largest of cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to organ of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- "vagus” from vagabond because wanders through abdominal cavities

Front 111

olfactory bulbs

Back 111

(protrusion at end of olfactory nerve; receives input from olfactory receptors)

Front 112

Somatic nervous system

Back 112

the part of PNS controls movement of skeletal muscles and transmits somatosensory info to cNS

Front 113

Autonomic nervous system:

Back 113

portion of PNS that control body’s vegetative functions
- splits into sympathetic and parasympathetic
- relies on both for different functions
- e.g. symp. Increases heart rate; parasymp. Slows it

Front 114

Sympathetic division

Back 114

portion of ANS that controls functions accompany arousal and expenditure of energy

Front 115

Sympathetic ganglia

Back 115

nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system

Front 116

Sympathetic ganglion chain

Back 116

one of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the veterebral column

Front 117

Preganglionic neurons

Back 117

the efferent neuron of the ANS whose cell body in cranial nerve nucleus or in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia

Front 118

Postganglionic neurons:

Back 118

neurons of ANS form synapses directly with target organ

Front 119

Adrenal medulla

Back 119

inner portion of adrenal gland, located atop kidneys, controlled by symp, secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 120

Parasympathetic division

Back 120

portion of ANS that controls rest state of organism
- Increase body’s supply of stored energy