Physiological Psychology - Ch.16 Lateralization, Language, And The Split Brain From John P.j. Pinel

Front 1

What is aphasia?

Back 1

This is a brain damge produced deficit in the ability to produce or comprehend language.

Front 2

What is the term for hemispheric specialization?

Back 2

Lateralization of function

Front 3

Which half of the brain is the language brain for most people?

Back 3

The left half is often responsible for language

Front 4

What factors affect a person's language dominant brain?

Back 4

handedness
early brain damage

Front 5

Where is the Broco's area?

Back 5

The inferior prefrontal cortex.

Front 6

What is typically called the dominant brain?

Back 6

the left hemisphere

Front 7

What is the right hemisphere usualyl refered to?

Back 7

the minor hemisphere

Front 8

Name three ways to find out language brain in pre-surgical check ups.

Back 8

1) eletrical stimulation
2) Sodium Amytal test
3) Dichotic listening test
4) Functional brain imaging

Front 9

Describe the Sodium Amytal test.

Back 9

Soidum Amytal can be injected into the coronary artery to shut down one hemisphere.
It is invasive and 5% individuals exhibit side effects such as disinhibition, aggression and emotional.
Which shut down hemisphere causes mute in patients means that is the dominant brain.

Front 10

Describe Dichotic listening

Back 10

Patients will listen to conflicting stimuli in both ears and participants have to say what they hear. If they say what they heard from the left ear, then the right brain is the language brain because dominant ear is contralateral.

Front 11

Describe electrical stimulation test

Back 11

An electrode is used to adminster a low shock to the brain to determine which area is responsible for language. That area will be left alone during surgery.

Front 12

Lateralization causes certain areas in the left brain to be larger. Which areas?

Back 12

1) Brocca's area
2) Planum temporale (Wernicke's area)
3) Lateral fissure

Front 13

Is the lateralization of the brain unique to human?

Back 13

No.
Chimpanzees and monkeys also possess the same lateralization. and a certain kind of birds cannot sing elborate songs after these area of the brain is damaged.

Front 14

What if the hemispheres couldn't communicate?

Back 14

then each hemisphere will have to learn the task or stimuli seperately. If only one eye saw it, the blindfolded brain will notbe able to know this information.

Front 15

Why do some people have split brain?

Back 15

The corpus callosum was cut to prevent and control epileptic seizures electrical activity to spread from temporal lobe to all over the brain.

Front 16

What happen to people with split brain?

Back 16

They can perform two tasks at the same time by both hands. and the left brain can interpret things and verbal desires. right brain can recognize faces.

Front 17

What is the left hemisphere responsible for?

Back 17

- info from right visual field
- control right side of the body
- can point or feel objects with right hand
- verbalize things, name object (speech/language)

Front 18

What is the right hemisphere responsible for?

Back 18

- info from left visual field
- control left side of the body
- can point or feel objects with left hand
- cannot speak
- some language comprehension

Front 19

Describe the unusual side effect called the "helping hand phenomenon" in split brain patients.

Back 19

a word is shown on the left visual field, and the right hand had to pick out the word, but it couldn't do so correctly. Left hand, controled by the right brain "saw" the word on the left visual field, so the left hand reached out to help the right hand pick the correct word.

Front 20

Describe the unusual side effect called the "Dualing hemispheres" in split brain patients.

Back 20

A woman was trying to pick out what to wear, but her hand would not let go of the wrongly chosen dress. the brain hemisphere insist that "it" want to wear that one.

Front 21

What had happened to a split brain man while he tried to hurt his wife?

Back 21

His left hand (emotional right hemisphere) attempted to strike his wife, while his right hand (logical left hemisphere) tried to prevent it.

Front 22

What is the right brain good at?

Back 22

- spatial ability
- perception of emotions in others (e.g. facial expression, prosody "tone of voice"
- music appreciation

Front 23

In a task where one has to predict which light will come on next over several trials, what does each hemisphere of the brain try to do?

Back 23

The Left brain:
Try to use the context and logic to figure out patterns and significance. verbal
The Right Brain:
- ignores the context
- focuses more on the characteristics of stimulus.

Front 24

How drastic is lateralization?

Back 24

- generally favors one side, has a dominant side.
- but function of each side is broad (e.g. language, spatial), the components of those skills may not be all in one hemisphere (E.g. prosody is in the right brain)

Front 25

What are the seven components of the Wernicke-Geschwind model?

Back 25

1) primary visual cortex
2) angular gyrus
3) primary auditory cortex
4) wernicke's area
5) arcuate fasciculus
6) Broca's area
7) primary motor cortex
All components are in the left hemisphere

Front 26

What is the broca's area responsible for?

Back 26

speech production
located in the frontal lobe and sends signals to the primary motor cortex

Front 27

What is the Wernicke's area responsible for?

Back 27

Auditory word comprehension
located in the temporal lobe and sends signals to the Broca's area vai the arcuate fasciculus.

Front 28

What is the angular gyrus responsible for?

Back 28

converting visual stimulus into auditory stumilus.
located in border of temporal lobe/parietal junction.

Front 29

If I am have a conversation, what happens?

Back 29

Auditory signals triggered by the speech are received by primary auditory cortex and conducted to Wernicke's area for comprehension. Then if a response is desired, signals is transmitted to the Broca's area via the left arcuate fasciculus. the broca's area will then order the primary motor cortex to move lips.

Front 30

What happens when I want to read something aloud?

Back 30

First my primary visual cortex is stimulated by text, then information is sent to angular gyrus for translation into auditory stimulus. The auditory information is sent to the Wernicke's area for comprehension and then via the left arcuate fasciculus, sent to the Broca's area to initiate the primary motor cortex to move the lips to read.

Front 31

Describe Broca's aphasia.

Back 31

Speech production will be impaired. Speech will be slow, stuttering, hard time to find the right word. Exhibit Telographic speech.
Comprehension of speech is fine, patients often finds it frustrating
Patients often has insight to this.

Front 32

What is telographic speech?

Back 32

Only say the most important words.
" I cat outside" for "I saw a cat outside"

Front 33

Describe Wernicke's aphasia.

Back 33

comprehension of speech is impaired.
Production of speech is fluent and smooth, but often does not make sense, not always accurate.
Often lack insight into problem.
word salad,
some kind of grammar still intact but use of word is often wrong mistaken, concept distortion.

Front 34

Describe damage to the Angular gyrus.

Back 34

cannot read nor write.
cannot transform visual text into audible speech.
auditory comprehension is normal. No problem talking/listening.

Front 35

How would aphasia manifest in a deaf person?

Back 35

Broca's aphasia:
trouble signing accurately
distorted hand shapes/movements
Wernicke's aphasia:
trouble comprehending signs, often make up signs, signs salad. meaningless signing.

Front 36

What are some of the challenges to the Wernicke-Geschwind Model?

Back 36

The model is too simple. Language is unlikely to be a serial pathway; more likely to be parallel.
Only general principle of language holds true, there is no one specific place in the brain that is responsible for comprehension.
General principles hold true:
Anterior damage = expression probelms
Posterior damage = comprehension problems.

Front 37

What is global aphasia?

Back 37

A severe disruption of all language related abilities. associated with very large left-hemisphere lesions that involved both anterior and posterior cortex as well as substantial portions of subcortical white matter.

Front 38

What factors affect how permenant aphasia is?

Back 38

If the stroke also causes damage in the neighboring area esp. in white matter. If the pendumbra was nto rescued.
If the damage is severe and big

Front 39

What can we conclude from the Wernicke-Geschwind model?

Back 39

language is not one ability but many abilities that are distributed throughout the brain.

Front 40

Describe conduction aphasia.

Back 40

There is a disconnection between the Wernicke's area and Broca's area. The Arcuate fasciculus is damaged.

Can understand/comprehend speech, but cannot response in meaningful way, speech often does not reflect a logical response in conversations.

they cannot hear and repeat what people have just said.

Front 41

What is anomic aphasia?

Back 41

have problem finding the right word.