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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are ribosomes?
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They are the sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules.
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What are the endoplasmic reticulum?
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They are a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations.
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What is the soma?
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Contains the nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, and other structures found in most cells.
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What is the axon?
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Is a thin fiber of constant diameter, in most cases longer than the dendrites.
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What is depolarization?
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Reduction in the level of polarization across a membrane.
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What is a myelin sheath?
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It is insulating material that covers many vertebrate axons.
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What is a Node of Ranvier?
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It is short unmyelinated section of axon between segments of myelin.
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What is an afferent axon?
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Brings information into a structure.
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What is an efferent axon?
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Carries information away from a structure.
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What is an Intrinsic Neuron?
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A neuron whose axons and dendrites are all confined within a given structure.
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What are Glia?
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They are a type of cell in the nervous system that, in contrast to neurons, does not conduct impulses to other cells.
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What does ATP stand for?
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Adenosine Triphosphate.
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What is the all-or-none rule?
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It is a principle stating that the size, amplitude, and velocity of the action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it.
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What is an atrocyte?
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A relatively large, star-shaped glia cell.
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What are microglia?
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They are very small neurons that remove waste materials and microorganisms from the central nervous system.
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What are Ologiodendrocytes?
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Glia cells that surround and insulate certain axons in the vertebrate brain and spinal cord.
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What are Schwann cells?
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Glia cells that surround and insulate certain axons in the periphery of the vertebrate body.
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What are Radial Glia?
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They are a type of astrocyte that guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryonic development.
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What is the blood brain barrier?
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It is the mechanism that keeps many chemicals out of the brain.
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What is active transport?
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It is a protein mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain.
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What type of energy do neurons depend on?
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Neurons depend on glucose for most of their energy needs.
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Why is thiamine important?
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Thiamine is important because it is a chemical that is necessary to use glucose.
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What are the four major parts of neurons?
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The four major parts of neurons are a cell body (soma), dendrites, an axon, and presynaptic terminals.
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What is an electrical gradient?
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It is a diference in electric charge between the inside and the outside of the cell.
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What is polarization?
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It is an difference in electrical chrage between two locations.
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What is the resting potential?
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It is the difference in voltage in a resting neuron.
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What does selectively permeable mean?
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Some chemicals can pass through it more freely than others can.
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What is the sodium-potassium pump?
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It is a protein complex that repeatedly transports three sodium ions out of the cell while drawing two potassium ions into it.
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What is a concentration gradient?
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A concentration gradient is the difference in distribution of ions across the membrane.
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What is hyperpolarization?
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It is increased polarization.
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What is depolarization?
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It is a reduction of its polarization toward zero.
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What is the threshold of excitation?
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A level of depolarization at which a brief stimulation tiggers a rapid, massive electrical change by the membrane.
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What happens at the threshold of excitation?
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The membrane opens its sodium channels and permits a rapid, massive flow of ions across the membrane.
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What is an action potential?
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A rapid depolarization and slight reversal of the usual polarization.
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What is the factor with how the membrane proteins allow access to sodium?
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The protein membranes are voltage-activated channels.
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What are voltage-activated channels?
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They are membrane channels whose permeability depends on the voltage difference across the membrane.
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Why does sodium (Na) want to move into the intracellular fluid?
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Because the intracellular fluid is both negatively charged (sodium is positive) and the concentration of sodium is so much stronger in the extracellular fluid.
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What brings the cell back to its orginal state of polarization?
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The potassium pumps open wider than usual and since they are much more concentrated inside and there is now a positive charge due to the sodium ions, they flow out, carrying with them a positive charge, and bring about a hyperpolarization.
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What is a refractory period?
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A brief period following an action potential, when the cell resists the production of further action potentials.
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What is a relative refractory period?
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It is the time after the absolute refractory period, when potassium gates remain open wider than usual, requiring a stronger than usual stimulus to initiate an action potential.
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What is altruistic behavior?
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Behavior that benefits someone other than the individual engaging in the behavior.
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What is artificial selection?
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It is a change in the frequencies of various genes in a population because of a breeder's selection of desired individuals for mating purposes.
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What is an autosomal gene?
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It is a gene on any of the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes.
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What is binocular rivarly?
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It is alternating perception of what the left eye sees with what the right eye sees when the two are incompatible.
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What is a chromosome?
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It is a strand of DNA bearing the genes.
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What is a cross-over?
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It is the exchange of parts between two chromosomes during replication.
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What is deoxyribonucleic acid?
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It is a double stranded chemical that composes the chromosomes; it serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA.
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What are dizygotic twins?
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They are fraternal twins.
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What does a dominant gene mean?
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It is a gene that shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition.
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What is dualism?
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It is the belief that mind and body are different kinds of substance, existing independently.
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What are easy problems?
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They are questions pertaining to certain concepts that are termed consciousnesss, such as teh difference between wakefulness and asleep, and the mechanisms that enable us to focus our attention.
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What is an enzyme?
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It is any protein that catalyzes biological reactions.
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What is evolution?
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It is a change in the frequencies of various genes in a population over generations.
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What is an evolutionary explanation?
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It is understanding in terms of the evolutionary history of a species.
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What is evolutionary psychology?
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It is a field concerned with how and why various social behaviors evolved.
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What is fitness?
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It is the number of copies of one's genes that endure in later generations.
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What is a functional explanation?
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It is understanding why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.
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What is a gene?
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It is a unit of heredity that maintains its structural identity from one generation to another.
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What is a hard problem?
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It is a philosophical question of why and how any kind of brain activity is associated with consciousness.
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What is heritability?
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It is an estimate of the degree to which variance in a characteristic depends on variations in heredity for a given population.
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What does heterozygous mean?
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It means having two unlike genes for a given trait.
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What does homozygous mean?
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It means having two identical genes for a given characteristic.
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What does identity position mean?
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It is the view that mental processes are the same as certain kinds of brain processes but described in different terms.
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What is kin selection.
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It is selection for a gene because it benefits the individual's relatives.
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What is lamarckian evolution?
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It is a discredited theory that evolution proceeds through the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
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What is materialism?
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It is the view that everything that exists is material or physical.
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What is mentalism?
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It is the view that only the mind really exists.
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What is the mind-body problem?
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It is the question of how the mind is related to the brain.
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What is monism?
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It is the theory that only one kind of substance exists in the universe, you are not seperating physical and mental processes.
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What are monozygotic twins?
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They are identical twins, derived from a single fertilized egg.
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What is the multiplier effect?
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It is teh tendency for small genetic or prenatal influences to change the environmenta in a way that magnifies the change.
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What is a mutation?
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It is a change in a gene during reproduction.
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What is a ontogenetic explanation?
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It is the understanding in terms of how a structure or a behavior develops.
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What is phenylketonuria?
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It is an inherited inability to metabolize phenylalanine, leading to mental retardation unless the afflicted person stays on a strict low-phenylalanine diet throughout childhood.
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What is a physiological explanation?
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It means understanding things in terms of the activity of the brain.
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What is the problem of other minds?
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It is the difficulty of knowing whether other people or animals have conscious experiences.
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What does a recessive gene mean?
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It is a gene that shows its effects only in the homozygous condition.
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What is reciprocal altruism?
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It is helping individuals who may later be helpful in return.
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What is recombination?
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It is the reassortment of genes during reproduction, leading to a characteristic that is not apparent in either parent.
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What is ribonucleic acid?
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It is a single strand chemical; one type of an RNA molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of protein molecules.
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What is a sex-limited gene?
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It is a gene that exerts its effects primarily in one sex because of activation by androgens or estrogens, although members of both sexes may have the gene.
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What is a sex-linked gene?
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A gene on either the X or the Y chromosome.
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What is solipsism?
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It is the philosophical position that I alone exist or I alone am conscious.
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What is an X chromosome?
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It is a chromosome of which female mammals have two and males have one.
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What is a Y chromosome?
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It is a chromosome of which female mmals have none and males one.
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What is a postsynaptic neuron?
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It is the cell that receives the message.
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What is a presynaptic neuron?
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The neuron that delivers the synaptic transmission.
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What is temporal summation?
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It is the idea that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as...
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What is an ionotropic effect?
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It is when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the membrane and almost immediately opens the gates for some type of ion.
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What are metabotropic effects?
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It is a sequence of metabolic reactions that are slower and longer lasting than ionotropic effects.
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What happens in a metabolic synapse?
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By the way of a G-protein, it releases a second message, influences activity in a large area of the cell and over a longre time.
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What is reuptake?
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The presynaptic neuron takes up most of the used neurotransmitters intact and reuses them.
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What is an antagonist?
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It is a drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter.
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What is an agonist?
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It is a drug that mimics or increases its effects.
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What does drug having an affinity for a receptor mean?
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It means that it binds to that receptor.
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What does efficacy mean?
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It is its tendency to activate the receptor.
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What is the nucleus accumbens?
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It is a small subcortical area rich in dopamine receptors.
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What is anterior?
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Towards the front end.
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What is posterior?
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Toward the rear end?
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What is superior?
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Above another part?
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