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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What will an individual report if awoken from REM sleep?
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A dream. 80-90% of REM sleep is dreaming. Other stages of sleep are not as likely t report a dream
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What is a dream?
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A storylike progression of events while sleeping.
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What type of processing occurs while dreaming?
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Cognitive
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At which speed do dreams play out?
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In real time. We know this because of eye movement patterns that correlate with dream content
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Is all outside stimuli ignored during dreams?
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No, in fact, dreams are likely to correlate outside noises/stimuli into the plot of the dream
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Why does Freud say we dream?
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He says it has to do with the subconscious and phallic symbols
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How do physiologists describe dreams?
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They are spontaneous activity in the nervous system
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What is the activation Synthesis of Dreaming?
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It begins in the PONS at the base of the brain, wave pattern (PGO, or PONS Ganglio Occipital waves) evokes memories of visual, tactile and auditory information.
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What is the Clinico Anatomical Model of dreaming?
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less emphasis on the PGO waves than the Activation Synthesis, but still thinks these are a trigger for REM. Dreaming is still random thinking, most likely relevant content.
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Why are dreams so easily forgotten?
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Because the frontal lobe is not activated, this is where memories are stored
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What happens under sleep deprivation?
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Hallucinations, problems focusing. Selective deprivation prevents some levels of sleep. Total deprivation prevents all levels of sleep
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What occurs to rats that suffer from prolonged sleep deprivation?
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They are weak, uncoordinated, cannot regulate body temperature, lose weight, keep overeating, stop grooming, look sick. After long enough, the rat will die.
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What is insomnia?
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Inability to sleep. Occurs in approx. 20% of the population at any given time. Not always chronic. Insomnia can a symptom of something else.
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What is onset-insomnia?
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ability to not fall asleep: can lay down hours and not fall asleep.
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What is termination insomnia?
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where a person wakes up early and cannot fall asleep again
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What is maintenance insomnia?
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A fractured night of sleep
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What is pseudo-insomnia?
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Not a type of insomnia. Where a person dreams that they are awake.
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What is treatment for insomnia?
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Medications (but this is not a good idea because they are not a normal sleep stage, higher dosages, dependency, tolerance, withdraw.) Instead, disassociate the bed from any other activity but sleep.
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What is sleep apnea?
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Sleep disorders where you stop breathing while sleeping. Hold their breath and wake up gasping for air due to an obstruction of airwaves.
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What is the treatment for sleep apnea?
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A breathing machine pumps air. In milder situations, a person sits up more in bed. Severe cases can require surgery.
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What is narcolepsy?
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Person who sleeps at inappropriate times. Can range from mild to severe.
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What is a sleep attack?
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An overwhelming urge to fall asleep can happen. Usually in a monotonous situation. After 2-5 minutes a person will wake up again.
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Cataplexy
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A symptom where a person will drop to the floor because they become paralyzed. In a sense they will go into REM sleep here. Skeletal muscles freeze, but they will remain fully conscious.
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Sleep paralysis
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Inability to move just before or right after sleep
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Hyphagoagic Hallucinations
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person becomes paralyzed, fully conscious but experience dream.
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Is narcolepsy genetic?
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In dogs, the condition is narrowed down to specific genes. Co-concordance rates in twins are 25% (fairly low). It can be a be a genetic predisposition.
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What are the drug treatments for narcolepsy?
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stimulants, amphetamines, neurotransmitters. It is treatable but there is no cure.
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REM sleep behavioral disorder, or REM without Atonia (lack of muscle activity) is what?
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Someone enters REM sleep but doesn't become paralyzed. They act their dreams out. This is a rare, dangerous disorder. Not a lot of treatments are available. Only muscle relaxants. Mechanism that controls paralysis is not functioning.
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What are slow wave sleep disorders?
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Night terrors, sleepwalking and sleep talking are all examples.
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What are night terrors?
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In deep sleep, they will experience high emotion causing waking.
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What is sleepwalking?
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It happens usually in children, early in the night. Most people who have it don't know it. Usually have eyes open (look wide awake)
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What is sleep talking?
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Majority of sleep talking is 3-4 stage sleep. Not really in REM- it is harder to speak in paralysis. Most people aren't aware until they are told.
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Aphasia
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Speech disorder where a person has problems with comprehension or production of language.
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how is aphasia acquired?
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physical damage to the brain, mainly left side of the brain in speech centers. once realized they are no longer considered a disorder
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what is a major class of mental illness?
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Affective disorders
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Affective disorders
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a class of disorders than affect the mood and emotions. Problematic when it begins to interrupt normal function and daily routine. two types: depressive and bipolar
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Depressive disorder
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happens most often. not reactive depression (which is cued by an environmental factor) clinical depression lasts for weeks- months.
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What are the symptoms of depression?
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sadness, depressed mood, fatigue, lack of concentration, disturbed sleep patterns, changes in diet, lack of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, recurring thoughts of death, avoidance or lack of desire for pleasure seeking activities, slowness of speech
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What occurs if depression goes untreated?
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occurs in cycles
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What is the genetic component of depression?
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In identical twins, there is a 50% concordance rate, in fraternal twins, there is a 20% concordance rate.
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What is dysthymia?
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less severe form of depression. similar symptoms, longer lasting, usually do not seek treatment.
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What is bipolar disorder?
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An alternation between depression and manic episodes.
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What is mania?
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increased speech, racing thoughts, increased activity/agitation, increased sense of self. symptoms begin in young adulthood (earlier for men but more often for women)
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What is the time frame trend for bipolar disorder?
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Manic phase lasts about a week and depression phase lasts about 3 weeks
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What is the treatment for bipolar disorder?
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Different from depression, Anti-depression medications can trigger a manic episode.
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What is the role of genetics in bipolar disorder?
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Concordance rates are 20-75% for identical twins. Concordance rate for fraternal twins is 0-8%. Genetic component, but not the only trigger
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What is cyclothymia?
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less intense form of bipolar disorder, go through mania and depressive states. manic stages known as hypothymia.
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What are the parent-child concordance rates for depression?
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5-10%
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In depressed patients, where do image studies show significantly less grey matter?
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The gray matter (unmylenated nerons) is less prominent in the orbital frontal cortex.
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In individuals suffering from bipolar disorder, where do image studies show significantly less gray matter?
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The gray matter (unmulenated neurons) is less prominent in the prefrontal cortex.
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Which area of the brain do the orbital frontal cortex and prefrontal cortex help regulate?
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The limbic system (learning, memory and emotions)
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What happens to the brainstem within affect disorders?
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This part of the brain, which helps mediate emotions, has less input during affect disorders.
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Individuals with affect disorders have lower activity in which part of the brain during depressed periods?
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The left frontal cortex, as there is less blood flow there
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People in a manic episode heave higher activity in which part of the brain?
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The left frontal cortex, as is recieves more blood flow
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What is the mono-amine hypthesis?
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This suggests that people who have depression have decreased amounts of monoamine.
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Is dopamine agonist affective in treating depression?
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No. This increases levels of dopamine. We want to look at sterotonin and norepeneprine
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How are serotonin levels in a depressed patient?
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They don't have enough sterotonin.
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What is a newer theory on depression?
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Monoanime matabolites might increase during depression
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What is the response time for antidepressants?
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The levels of sterotonin and norepenephrin increase almst immediately, however, most antidepressants do not increase mood for 2-3 weeks (1 week for the quickest time)
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Why do antidepressants take so long to increase mood?
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Bacause the post-synaptic side of the sinapse is not as sensitive which delays effectiveness, it takes time to develop more receptors.
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Why do drugs that effect the locus coeruleus increase depression-like symptoms?
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Because the production of the norepenephrin occurs in the pons, which synapses to the hypothalamus and the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The norepehephrin is produced in times of stress, and can be detrimental if stimulated too much.
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