Physiological Psych Test #1

Front 1

unilateral neglect

Back 1

failure to notice things located to the left; caused by damage to right hemisphere parietal lobe; lack of attention, unconscious

Front 2

rubber hand illusion

Back 2

LH and rubber hand stroked at same time, patient feels it (more activity in parietal lobe + premotor cortex)

Front 3

functionalism

Back 3

risen by Darwin's theory; characteristics of living organisms perform useful functions

Front 4

adaptive trait examples

Back 4

moths with owl spots, arctic lynx blends with snow, chameleon changes colour

Front 5

neoteny

Back 5

slow maturation; important for brain development

Front 6

sensory neuron

Back 6

neuron that detects changes in external or internal environment and sends info about the changes to CNS

Front 7

motor neuron

Back 7

neuron in CNS that controls contractions of muscles or secretions of glands

Front 8

interneuron

Back 8

fully in CNS; form local relay circuits between one region to another

Front 9

central nervous system

Back 9

brain and spinal cord; encased by bone

Front 10

peripheral nervous system

Back 10

outside brain and spinal cord; includes nerves

Front 11

soma

Back 11

cell body of neuron; contains nucleus

Front 12

dendrite

Back 12

tree-like; attaches to soma; receives info from terminal buttons of other neurons

Front 13

synapse

Back 13

junction between terminal button of an axon and membrane of another neuron

Front 14

axon

Back 14

covered by myelin sheath; carries info from soma to terminal buttons (message = action potential)

Front 15

multipolar neuron

Back 15

neuron with one axon, but many dendrites

Front 16

bipolar neuron

Back 16

one axon and one dendrite; primarily sensory

Front 17

unipolar neuron

Back 17

one axon, divided at end; one to receive sensory info and one to send info to CNS; primarily somatosensory

Front 18

terminal buttons

Back 18

bulbs at end of axon; action potential travels down axon and when it reaches TB, TB secretes neurotransmitter

Front 19

neurotransmitter

Back 19

chemical released by TB when action potential travels down axon; has excitatory or inhibitory effect on receiving cell

Front 20

microtubule

Back 20

thickest strand type of cytoskeleton; hollow core; involved in transporting substances within the cell

Front 21

axoplasm

Back 21

cytoplasm of axon

Front 22

axoplasmic transport

Back 22

substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon; rapid way to move things that can only be produced in the soma

Front 23

anterograde AT

Back 23

from soma to terminal button; uses ATP energy and travels on kinesin protein; very fast

Front 24

retrograde AT

Back 24

from terminal button to soma; travels on dyesin protein; half as fast as anterograde

Front 25

glia

Back 25

3 main types; astro, oligodendro, micro; supporting cells that hold neurons in place

Front 26

astrocyte

Back 26

glia -> star cell; physical support + phagocytosis + nourishment

Front 27

oligodendrocyte

Back 27

glia -> produce myelin sheaths to insulate axons and avoid message scramble

Front 28

microglia

Back 28

glia -> phagocytes + protection from invading microorganisms

Front 29

schwann cells

Back 29

the oligodendrocytes of the PNS; wrap up around axon and aid in insulation + as guides for regrowth

Front 30

blood-brain barrier

Back 30

selectively permeable barrier; prevents interference of chemicals in neuron information transmission

Front 31

area postrema

Back 31

thin region of medulla where poisons can be detected + induce vomiting; e.g., alcohol

Front 32

explain role of inhibition on withdrawal reflex

Back 32

hot casserole in hands sends sensory pain info to brain; increases activity of excitatory synapses on motor neurons, causing hand to move away -> brain recognizes that you cannot drop the dish; neural axon message sent from brain to spinal cord where its terminal buttons form synapses with inhibitory interneuron; releases neurotransmitter which decreases activity of motor neuron , blocking withdrawal reflex

Front 33

measuring electrical potentials of axons

Back 33

seawater, giant squid axon, electrode in water, microelectrode inserted into axon, positive charge sent to negatively charged axon, measure with oscilloscope

Front 34

membrane potential

Back 34

electrical charge across a cell membrane; difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell

Front 35

resting potential

Back 35

membrane potential of neuron when it is not being excited or inhibited; -70mV in giant squid axon

Front 36

depolarization

Back 36

towards 0 reduction of membrane potential from resting potential

Front 37

hyperpolarization

Back 37

increase in membrane potential (away from 0) from resting potential

Front 38

action potential

Back 38

rapid reversal of membrane potential; brief electrical impulse

Front 39

measure action potential

Back 39

positive charged microelectrode; stimulate axon increasing in strength each time; 4 = threshold of excitation; hyperpolarize before returning to resting potential

Front 40

sodium-potassium transporter

Back 40

protein in cell membrane that pushes 3 Na+ out while pulling in 2 K+

Front 41

all or none law

Back 41

action potential occurs or it doesn't; once triggered, remains constant

Front 42

rate law

Back 42

axon's rate of firing controls intensity of action potential

Front 43

saltatory conduction

Back 43

conduction of action potential by myelinated axons; jumps from one node of Ranvier to another; less energy and faster speeds

Front 44

post-synaptic potential

Back 44

depolarization or hyperpolarization of membrane potential that increase or decrease rate of firing; produced by neurotransmitters

Front 45

ligand

Back 45

chemical that attaches to binding site; e.g., neurotransmitters

Front 46

binding site

Back 46

location on receptor protein where ligand binds

Front 47

presynaptic membrane

Back 47

membrane of terminal button

Front 48

postsynaptic membrane

Back 48

membrane on receiving neuron

Front 49

synaptic cleft

Back 49

gap between pre and postsynaptic membranes; neurotransmitter diffuses through extracellular fluid

Front 50

ionotropic receptor

Back 50

receptors that cause ion channels to open when ligand binds to binding site; direct method of hyper/depolarization

Front 51

metabotropic receptor

Back 51

opening ion channels indirectly; ligand binds and activates g-protein, which stimulates production of 2nd messenger which travels and attaches to ion channel; lasts longer than ionotropic but requires more energy

Front 52

EPSP

Back 52

depolarization of neuron membrane potential; caused by Na+ channels opening

Front 53

IPSP

Back 53

hyperpolarization of membrane potential; caused by efflux of K+ or influx of Cl-

Front 54

reuptake

Back 54

rapid removal of neurotransmitter from cleft by terminal button

Front 55

enzymatic deactivation

Back 55

destruction of neurotransmitter by enzyme; e.g., destruction of Ach by AchE

Front 56

choroid plexus

Back 56

creates CSF; brain floats in it

Front 57

encephalization quotient

Back 57

larger ratio of brain to body = larger encephalization quotient

Front 58

brain development and evolution

Back 58

brains more developed to leave water; harder to survive on land

Front 59

innate behaviour

Back 59

behaviour that is built in; e.g., crossbill's beak opening pinecones -> disadvantage = no more pinecones, crossbill starves

Front 60

learned behaviour

Back 60

behaviour that is taught; not built in; e.g., roof rats learning to open pinecones from their mother -> advantage = no more pinecones, rats can find other food

Front 61

cost vs. benefit to evolution

Back 61

price to pay for every advantage; e.g., humans have large brains, therefore large skulls = hard to birth, mortality

Front 62

competition

Back 62

limited resources; more offspring born in each generation than can survive

Front 63

variation

Back 63

non-identical offspring; ensured by mutation

Front 64

adaptation

Back 64

individuals whose characteristics are more fitted to environment will survive to reproduce

Front 65

homology

Back 65

structures that have the same genetic/developmental origins, even if different functions

Front 66

analogy

Back 66

structures that have the same function, even if not homologous; e.g., bird/insect wings

Front 67

natural selection

Back 67

survival of the fittest; operates on phenotypic level, passed on is genotype

Front 68

patellar tendon reflex

Back 68

drop book in closed eyes, arms bounce back; good for walking

Front 69

reticular activating system

Back 69

controls how much you process

Front 70

hypothalamus

Back 70

hormones + instinct; fight, feed, flee, fuuck; limbic system

Front 71

fixed-action patterns

Back 71

species-typical instinctual behaviour; triggered by releasers

Front 72

basal ganglia

Back 72

habits and rules; procedural behaviours

Front 73

cortical homunculus

Back 73

2 vs. 1 pencil poke