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64 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
CNS
Is made up of the brain and the spinal cord
PNS?
Divided into the Somatic (interacted with external environment... controlling voluntary movements) and Autonomic (interacts with internal environment ... fight or flight ... involuntary movements, like breathing).
Two categories of ANS?
Sympathetic -- fight or flight. Arousal mechanisms. Lie detector tests rest on the assumption that the sympathetic nervous system is activated when lying

Para -- recuperation after arousal. Lowers heart rate, blood pressure, etc.
Spinal cord made of?
Inner gray matter (cell bodies and dendrites) and outer white matter (nerve fibers, axon bundles, myelin sheathing, etc.)
Hindbrain?
(1) medulla) -- mainly reflexes, sleep, attention
(2) pons and cerebellum (muscle coordination, balance, posture)
(3) Reticular Formation -- Base is in hindbrain. OLDEST PART OF THE BRAIN. alertness, thirst, sleep, involuntary muscles.
Midbrain
inferior and superior colliculi control vision and hearing
Forebrain?
Cerebral cortex, responsible for complex perceptual cognitive and behavioral processes
Basal Ganglia, movement
Limbic System, Emotion and Memory
Thalamus, sensory relay station
Hypothalamus, Hunger and thirst, emotion
Hypothalamus
found in forebrain divided 3 parts lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus anterior hypothalamus.
Serves homeostatic functions.
Key player in emotional experience during high arousal states. “Fight or Flight”
Controls some endocrine functions as well as the autonomic nervous system
Four F’s Fighting, feeding, fleeing and fucking
Later hypothalamus
found in forebrain, hunger center detects your bodies need for food/fluids damage to this area can result in aphagia
aphagia
results from damage to hypothalamus, disorder causing a lack of hunger
ventromedial hypothalamus
tells you when you are full. Damage to this area can result in hyperphagia
hyperphagia
excessive eating as a result of damage to ventromedial hypothalamus
Basal Ganglia
found in forebrain, coordinates muscle movement as it receives information from the cortex and relays information to brain and spinal cord. Associated with parkinsons disseas
Extrapyramidal motor system
gathers information about body position from such areas as basal ganglia
Brain Ventricles
found in middle of brain. link up with spinal canal. protect the brain from shock by filling with CSF
Limbic System
found in forebrain, comprises group of interconnected structures looping around central portion of the brain. Associated with emotion and memory.
Made up of:
-septum,
-amydala
-hyppocampus
Septum
part of the limbic system located in forebrain. Primary pleasure center. Acts to inhibit aggression. Damage can result in septal rage
septal rage
results when septum is damaged. Aggressive behavior goes unchecked and results in vicious behavior
James Olds and Peter Milner experiment
Discovered that if this portion of the brain was stimulated in rats they preferred it to eating
Amygdala
part of limbic system located in forebrain. Plays important role in defensive and aggressive behaviors. When damged aggression and fear reactions are markedly reduced
Heinrick Kluver and Paul Bucy experiment
linked defensive and aggressive behavior in monkeys with amygdal. Removed amygdala and resulted in kluver bucy sydrome
kluver bucy sydrome
behavioral disorder that occurs when both the right and left medial temporal lobes of the brain malfunction
Hippocampus
located in forebrain, part of limbic system. Vital role in learning and memory processes damage to hippocampus can result in anterograde or retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
results from damage to hippocampus, characterized by not being able to establish ne long term memories
Retrograde amnesia
results from damage to hippocampus memory loss of events that transpired before brain injury
Cerebral cortex/neocortex
outer surface of brain located in fore brain
-has numerous bumps and folds called convolutions
-divided into two halves/cerebral hemispheres: left and right hemisphere
-divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal occipital, temporal
Convolutions
numerous bumps and folds of cerebral cortex
Frontal Lobe
-part of cerebral cortex and housed in forebrain.
-Made up of two basic regions: Prefrontal lobes and motor cortex
-Supervises processes associated with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long term planning
-contains Broca’s area
Prefrontal cortex
governs and integrates numerous cognitive and behavioral processes. Communicates and directs other parts of the brain. Acts as an association area taking input from diverse brain regions. Damage to this area impairs overall supervisory function. May result in impulsivity and socially unacceptable behavior
Primary motor cortex
located in frontal lobe, plans and executes movements
Broca’s area
contained in frontal lobe in dominant hemisphere, vitally important in speech production.
Association area
area that combines input from diverse brain regions
Projection area
areas of brain that either receive incoming sensory information or sends out motor impulse commands
Visual cortex
located in occipital part of cerebral hemisphere, receives information from retina
Motor cortex
located in frontal and parietal lobes involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions made up of primary motor cortex (frontal lobe), premotor cortex, suplimentary motor cortex (parietal lobe)
Parietal lobe
located to rear of frontal lobe in cerebral cortex. Contains somatosensory cortex. Involved in somatosensory information processing
Somatosensory cortex
located in parietal lobe, processes somatosensory information
Occiptial lobe
rear of cerebral hemisphere, contains visual cortex, also implicated in learning and motor control
Visual cortex/strate cortex
responsible for processing visual information
Temporal Lobe
contains auditory cortex and wernike’s area and hypocampus. Allows us to:
-process language
-memory processing
-emotional control
wernicke’s area
associated with language reception and comprehension.
Cerebral hemispheres communicate?
mostly communicates contralaterally: left side of brain activates right side of body ipsilaterally: cerebral hemisphere communicates with same side of body
Dominant hemisphere
typically opposite of dominant hand, contains broca’s and wernicke’s area. Screens incoming language to analyze content
nondominant hemisphere
associated with intuition interprets speech according to tone
Eric Kandel
demonstrated that changes in synaptic transmission underlie changes in behavior.
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter found in both cns and pns associated with sending muscle impulses
Catecholamines
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine. Important role in experiencing emotions
Norepinephrine
controls alertness and implecated in mood disorders like depression and mania. Too much Norepinephrine associated with mania, too little associated with depression
Dopamine
plays role in movement and posture found in basal ganglia. Plays role in schizophrenia
Monamine theory of depression
theory that too little dopamine or norepinephrine can lead to depression
Epinephrine
fight or flight response
Endorphin
natural pain kiler
Serotonin
mood sleep eating. Associated with depression and mania
Gaba
stabilizes neural activity producing inhibiting affect on postsynaptic potentials
Ablation
any surgically induced brain lesion
stereotaxic instrument
instrument used to locate brain areas when electrodes are implanted
Wilder Penfield
first person to map brain by stimulating specific areas with an electrode and recording patients experience
Agnosia
affects perceptual recognition
Apraxia
an impairment in the organization of motor action. Patient has trouble executing the step by step sequence entailed in everyday acts
Dementias
neurological disorder characterized by a loss in intellectual functioning.
Reticular formation
located in brain stem. Keeps cortex awake and alert
James-Lange theory of emotions
we become aware of our emotions after notice physical reaction. emphasized role of nervous system in emotions
Cannon-Bard Theory
Bodily changes and emotional feelings occur simultaneously. Gives brain more central role in subjective experience
Schachter Singer Theory/Two Factor Theory
Unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending on mental response to environmental stimulation