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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
CNS
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Is made up of the brain and the spinal cord
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PNS?
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Divided into the Somatic (interacted with external environment... controlling voluntary movements) and Autonomic (interacts with internal environment ... fight or flight ... involuntary movements, like breathing).
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Two categories of ANS?
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Sympathetic -- fight or flight. Arousal mechanisms. Lie detector tests rest on the assumption that the sympathetic nervous system is activated when lying
Para -- recuperation after arousal. Lowers heart rate, blood pressure, etc. |
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Spinal cord made of?
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Inner gray matter (cell bodies and dendrites) and outer white matter (nerve fibers, axon bundles, myelin sheathing, etc.)
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Hindbrain?
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(1) medulla) -- mainly reflexes, sleep, attention
(2) pons and cerebellum (muscle coordination, balance, posture) (3) Reticular Formation -- Base is in hindbrain. OLDEST PART OF THE BRAIN. alertness, thirst, sleep, involuntary muscles. |
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Midbrain
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inferior and superior colliculi control vision and hearing
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Forebrain?
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Cerebral cortex, responsible for complex perceptual cognitive and behavioral processes
Basal Ganglia, movement Limbic System, Emotion and Memory Thalamus, sensory relay station Hypothalamus, Hunger and thirst, emotion |
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Hypothalamus
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found in forebrain divided 3 parts lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus anterior hypothalamus.
Serves homeostatic functions. Key player in emotional experience during high arousal states. “Fight or Flight” Controls some endocrine functions as well as the autonomic nervous system Four F’s Fighting, feeding, fleeing and fucking |
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Later hypothalamus
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found in forebrain, hunger center detects your bodies need for food/fluids damage to this area can result in aphagia
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aphagia
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results from damage to hypothalamus, disorder causing a lack of hunger
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ventromedial hypothalamus
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tells you when you are full. Damage to this area can result in hyperphagia
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hyperphagia
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excessive eating as a result of damage to ventromedial hypothalamus
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Basal Ganglia
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found in forebrain, coordinates muscle movement as it receives information from the cortex and relays information to brain and spinal cord. Associated with parkinsons disseas
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Extrapyramidal motor system
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gathers information about body position from such areas as basal ganglia
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Brain Ventricles
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found in middle of brain. link up with spinal canal. protect the brain from shock by filling with CSF
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Limbic System
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found in forebrain, comprises group of interconnected structures looping around central portion of the brain. Associated with emotion and memory.
Made up of: -septum, -amydala -hyppocampus |
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Septum
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part of the limbic system located in forebrain. Primary pleasure center. Acts to inhibit aggression. Damage can result in septal rage
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septal rage
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results when septum is damaged. Aggressive behavior goes unchecked and results in vicious behavior
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James Olds and Peter Milner experiment
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Discovered that if this portion of the brain was stimulated in rats they preferred it to eating
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Amygdala
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part of limbic system located in forebrain. Plays important role in defensive and aggressive behaviors. When damged aggression and fear reactions are markedly reduced
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Heinrick Kluver and Paul Bucy experiment
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linked defensive and aggressive behavior in monkeys with amygdal. Removed amygdala and resulted in kluver bucy sydrome
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kluver bucy sydrome
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behavioral disorder that occurs when both the right and left medial temporal lobes of the brain malfunction
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Hippocampus
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located in forebrain, part of limbic system. Vital role in learning and memory processes damage to hippocampus can result in anterograde or retrograde amnesia
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Anterograde amnesia
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results from damage to hippocampus, characterized by not being able to establish ne long term memories
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Retrograde amnesia
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results from damage to hippocampus memory loss of events that transpired before brain injury
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Cerebral cortex/neocortex
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outer surface of brain located in fore brain
-has numerous bumps and folds called convolutions -divided into two halves/cerebral hemispheres: left and right hemisphere -divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal occipital, temporal |
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Convolutions
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numerous bumps and folds of cerebral cortex
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Frontal Lobe
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-part of cerebral cortex and housed in forebrain.
-Made up of two basic regions: Prefrontal lobes and motor cortex -Supervises processes associated with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long term planning -contains Broca’s area |
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Prefrontal cortex
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governs and integrates numerous cognitive and behavioral processes. Communicates and directs other parts of the brain. Acts as an association area taking input from diverse brain regions. Damage to this area impairs overall supervisory function. May result in impulsivity and socially unacceptable behavior
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Primary motor cortex
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located in frontal lobe, plans and executes movements
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Broca’s area
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contained in frontal lobe in dominant hemisphere, vitally important in speech production.
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Association area
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area that combines input from diverse brain regions
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Projection area
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areas of brain that either receive incoming sensory information or sends out motor impulse commands
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Visual cortex
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located in occipital part of cerebral hemisphere, receives information from retina
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Motor cortex
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located in frontal and parietal lobes involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions made up of primary motor cortex (frontal lobe), premotor cortex, suplimentary motor cortex (parietal lobe)
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Parietal lobe
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located to rear of frontal lobe in cerebral cortex. Contains somatosensory cortex. Involved in somatosensory information processing
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Somatosensory cortex
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located in parietal lobe, processes somatosensory information
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Occiptial lobe
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rear of cerebral hemisphere, contains visual cortex, also implicated in learning and motor control
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Visual cortex/strate cortex
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responsible for processing visual information
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Temporal Lobe
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contains auditory cortex and wernike’s area and hypocampus. Allows us to:
-process language -memory processing -emotional control |
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wernicke’s area
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associated with language reception and comprehension.
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Cerebral hemispheres communicate?
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mostly communicates contralaterally: left side of brain activates right side of body ipsilaterally: cerebral hemisphere communicates with same side of body
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Dominant hemisphere
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typically opposite of dominant hand, contains broca’s and wernicke’s area. Screens incoming language to analyze content
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nondominant hemisphere
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associated with intuition interprets speech according to tone
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Eric Kandel
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demonstrated that changes in synaptic transmission underlie changes in behavior.
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Acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter found in both cns and pns associated with sending muscle impulses
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Catecholamines
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Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine. Important role in experiencing emotions
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Norepinephrine
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controls alertness and implecated in mood disorders like depression and mania. Too much Norepinephrine associated with mania, too little associated with depression
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Dopamine
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plays role in movement and posture found in basal ganglia. Plays role in schizophrenia
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Monamine theory of depression
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theory that too little dopamine or norepinephrine can lead to depression
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Epinephrine
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fight or flight response
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Endorphin
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natural pain kiler
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Serotonin
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mood sleep eating. Associated with depression and mania
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Gaba
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stabilizes neural activity producing inhibiting affect on postsynaptic potentials
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Ablation
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any surgically induced brain lesion
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stereotaxic instrument
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instrument used to locate brain areas when electrodes are implanted
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Wilder Penfield
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first person to map brain by stimulating specific areas with an electrode and recording patients experience
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Agnosia
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affects perceptual recognition
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Apraxia
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an impairment in the organization of motor action. Patient has trouble executing the step by step sequence entailed in everyday acts
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Dementias
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neurological disorder characterized by a loss in intellectual functioning.
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Reticular formation
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located in brain stem. Keeps cortex awake and alert
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James-Lange theory of emotions
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we become aware of our emotions after notice physical reaction. emphasized role of nervous system in emotions
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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Bodily changes and emotional feelings occur simultaneously. Gives brain more central role in subjective experience
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Schachter Singer Theory/Two Factor Theory
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Unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending on mental response to environmental stimulation
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