Physiological Genomics

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Physiological Genomics

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Integration of molecular biology with physiology

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Cell differentiation

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process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized one

Front 3

What are the four main catagories of tissues/cells?

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Connective, muscle, nerve and epithelial

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What are the three types of muscle cells?

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Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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Muscle Cells

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generate mechanical forces that produce movement

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Nerve Cells

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initiate and conduct electrical signals

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Epithelial Cells

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selective secretion and absorption of ions and organic molecules and protection

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Basement membrane

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extracellular protein layer

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External Environment

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Area outside of the body

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Connective tissue cells

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Connect, anchor and support structures of the body
ex) adipose cells, bone cells, RBC and WBC

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What are the 2 functions an extracullar matrix?

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1: transmit signals between cells and 2: scaffold for cellular attachments

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What are the proteins of the ECM?

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Collagen-ropelike
Elastin-rubber-band like-non fibrous-contains chains of complex sugars

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How are the kidneys organized?

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1: Series of small tubes
2: Blood vessels-smooth and connective tissur
3: Extensions from nerve cells
4: Losse network of connective-tissue elements that are interspersed

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Functional units

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small similar subunits each performing function of the organ

Front 15

What percent of extracellular fluid is plasma?
What percent of the extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid?

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A) 20-20%
B) 75-80%

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The ___ exchanges oxygen, nutrients, wastes and other products with the _____

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Plasma

Interstitial fluid

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Concentrations of dissolved substances are virtually identical in plasma and interstitial fluid except for _____

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Protein-higher in plasma

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Intracellular Fluid composition

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different proteins for regulation cellular growth and metabolism-not required by ECF

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What percent of body weight is H2O?
What percent of that H2O is intracellular fluid?

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55-60%

2/3

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What separates the Plasma and Interstitial Fluid?

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Capillaries-keep 75-80% in Interstitial compartment and more proteins in the plasma

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Homeostasis is ______ not _______

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dynamic

static

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Dynamic constancy

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variables vary in the short term, but remain fairly constant in the long term.

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Which fluid are most cells in contact with?

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Interstitial Fluid

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Homeostatic control systems

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compensating mehanisms that mediate responses to changes

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Steady state

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system in which a variable (temperature) is not changing, but energy (heat) must be added continuously to maintain constant condition

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Equilibrium

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variable is not changing but no energy input required to maintain constancy

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Set-point

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operating point

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What three events occur to balance temperature-environment lower than body?

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Blood vessel constriction-reduces temp. loss
Curling up-reduce surface area
Shivering-produces heat

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Negative feedback

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Inhibits a system-too much ATP slows down glycolysys

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Positive feedback

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Encourages a system- at parturition oxytocin is increased to further uterine contratction.

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Why does temperature rise when ill? Why do you shiver?

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Higher termperatures create difficult environments for pathogens.
Shivering creates heat, so the body can maintain the elevated temp

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Plasma Iron concentration

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decreases during infections-pathogens need Fe to replicate

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Feedforward

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regulation anticipates changes in regulated variables-uses external or internal detectors

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Relex

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specificinvoluntary, unpremditated, unlearned response to stimuli

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Acquired reflexes

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Have to be learned

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Reflex Arc

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Receptor detects stimulus, produces signal relayed to integrating center (afferent pathway. It then goes to the effector (efferent pathway)

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If response produced by ___ decreases magnitude of stimulus, then felex leads to _____ _______

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Effector

Negative Feedback

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Local homeostatic responses

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initiated by change in external/internal environment induce alteration of cell activity w/net effect of couteracting the stimulus
Self-regulation
Like reflex-result of sequence of events proceeding from stimulus, unlike reflex-sequence occurs only in arean of stimulus