Physio/lange

Front 1

What are the three different pathways of the complement system?

Back 1

1. Classic pathway- triggered by immune complexes
2. Mannose binding lectin pathway- triggered when this lectin binds mannose groups in bacteria
3. Alternative pathway(properdin)- triggered by contact with various viruses, bacteria fungi and tumor cells.

Front 2

What do complement proteins actually do?

Back 2

They help kill invading organisms by opsonization, chemotaxis and eventual lysis of the cells.

Front 3

These complement proteins and fragments serve in part as a bridge from innate to acquired immunity by activating B cells and aiding immune memory. TRUE/FALSE

Back 3

TRUE. They also help dispose of waste products after apoptosis.

Front 4

What are perforins?

Back 4

This is involved in cell lysis brought about by complement protein. It is brought about by inserting proteins called perforins.

Front 5

What are the three different pathways of the complement system?

Back 5

1. Classic pathway- triggered by immune complexes
2. Mannose binding lectin pathway- triggered when this lectin binds mannose groups in bacteria
3. Alternative pathway(properdin)- triggered by contact with various viruses, bacteria fungi and tumor cells.

Front 6

What do complement proteins actually do?

Back 6

They help kill invading organisms by opsonization, chemotaxis and eventual lysis of the cells.

Front 7

These complement proteins and fragments serve in part as a bridge from innate to acquired immunity by activating B cells and aiding immune memory. TRUE/FALSE

Back 7

TRUE. They also help dispose of waste products after apoptosis.

Front 8

What are perforins?

Back 8

This is involved in cell lysis brought about by complement protein. It is brought about by inserting proteins called perforins.

Front 9

Verbally outline the development of the system mediating acquired immunity.

Back 9

1. From the bone marrow and lymphocyte precursors are born T lymph. and B lymph.
2. T lymph. mature in the thymus and will become cytotoxic T cells(CD8 T cells) which confirms cellular immunity. These same T lymph, from the thymus will become helper T cells(CD4 T cells) that will help create memory B cells.
3. B lymph will continue development in bone marrow and liver, and will become plasma cells(with the help of Helper T cells). These plasma cells will create and clone immunoglobulins to confer Humoral immunity.

Front 10

The recognition ability is innate and develops without exposure to the antigen. TRUE/FALSE

Back 10

TRUE. Stem cells differentiate into many different T and B lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a particular antigen.

Front 11

What are antigen presenting cells?

Back 11

They include specialized cells called dendritic cells in the lymph nodes and spleen and Langherhan cells in the skin.
Macrophages and B cells also can function as APCs.

Front 12

How do APCs basically function?

Back 12

In APCs polypeptide products of antigen digestion are coupled to protein products of the MHC complex(MHC) genes genes and presented on the surface of a cell. The products of the MHC genes are called Human Leukocyte Antigen.(HLA)

Front 13

What are the two classes of MHC?

Back 13

The genes of the MHC, which are located on the short arm of human chromosome 6, encode glycoproteins and are divided into 2 classes on the basis of structure and function.
Class 1 are found on all nucleated cells.
Class 11 are heterodimers. They are present in APCs, including B cells and in activated T cells.

Front 14

The class 1 MHC proteins are coupled promarily to peptide fragments generated from proteins synthesized within cells. TRUE/FALSE

Back 14

TRUE. Nontolerant peptides, those from mutant or viral proteins, are recognized by T cells. The digestion of these proteins occur in proteasomes(protealytic enzymes) in the MHC group, and the peptide fragments appear to bind to MHC proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 15

How does this compare to the class 11 proteins?

Back 15

These are concerned primarily with peptide products of extracellular antigens, such as bacteria, that enter the cell via endocytosis and are digested in the late endosomes.

Front 16

Receptors on T cells must recognize a wide variety of complexes. TRUE/FALSE

Back 16

TRUE. Most of the receptors on circulating T cells are made up of two polypeptide units designated a/B(alpha and beta).
They form heterodimers that recognize the MHC proteins and the antigen fragments with which they are combined. These are called a/b T cells.

Front 17

Are these a/b T cells the only T cell receptors?

Back 17

No. About 10% of the circulating T cells have 2 different polypeptides designated gamma and theta in their receptors(g/t T cells). They are prominent in the GI tract.

Front 18

CD8 occurs on the surface of cytotoxic T cells that bind MHC-1 proteins, and CD4 occurs on the surface of helper T cells that bind MHC-11 proteins. TRUE/FALSE

Back 18

TRUE.

Front 19

What is immunologic synapse?

Back 19

The T cell receptors are surrounded by adhesion molecules and proteins that bind to complementary proteins in the APC when the 2 cells transiently join to form the immunological synapse, that permits T cell activation to occur.

Front 20

B cells can bind antigens directly, but they must contact helper T cells to produce full activation and antibody formation. TRUE/FALSE

Back 20

TRUE. Infacct, it is the TH2 subtype that is mainly involved. helper T cells are pushed along the TH2 line by the cytokine IL-4.

Front 21

What does IL-12 do?

Back 21

It pushes helper T cells along the TH-1 line.
IL-2 acts as an autocrine fashion to cause activated T cells to proliferate.

Front 22

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Back 22

Large quantities of the immunoglobin produced by a single plasma cell can be obtained by fusing the cell with a tumor cell, producing an antibody factory.

Front 23

How are monoclonal antibodies obtained?

Back 23

Animals are immunized with a particular antigen or cell preparation. The antibody producing cells are extracted from their spleens and fused to myeloma cells.
Myelomas are B lymphocyte tumors that readily fuse with plasma cells to form antibody forming hybridomas, which grow and produce very well. the fused cells are separated and each starts a clone of cells descended from a single cell.