Physio Test 2 Vision

Front 1

SENSORY RECEPTORS

Back 1

a specialized neuron that detects a particular cetegory of physical events.

Front 2

SENSORY TRANSDUCTION

Back 2

The process by which sensory stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potentials.

Front 3

RECEPTOR POTENTIAL

Back 3

A slow, graded electrical potential produced by a receptor cell in response to a physical stimulus. (most receptors lack axons ; cell body synapses with dendrites of other neurons - olfactory receptors and most touch receptors have axons)

Affect release of NTs so modify info about sense sent to brain.

Front 4

THE HUMAN EYE
(what does it contain)

Back 4

Sclera, cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Retina, photoreceptor, Rod, Cone, Fovea, optic disk,

Front 5

THE HUMAN EYE
Sclera

Back 5

Light can't get thru; extraocular muscles attach

Front 6

THE HUMAN EYE
Cornea

Back 6

Covering the front of the eye; light can go thru

Front 7

THE HUMAN EYE
Iris

Back 7

pigmented ring of muscles behind cornea

Front 8

THE HUMAN EYE
Pupil

Back 8

opening in iris that light passes thru.

Front 9

THE HUMAN EYE
Lens

Back 9

Transparent layers; shape changes for accommodation.

Front 10

THE HUMAN EYE
Retina

Back 10

The neural tissue and photoreceptive cells located on the inner surface of the posterior portion of the eye.

Front 11

THE HUMAN EYE
Photoreceptor

Back 11

one of the receptor cells of the retina; transduces photic energy into electrical potentials.

Front 12

THE HUMAN EYE
ROD

Back 12

120 million

one of the receptor cells of the retina; sensitive to light of LOW INTENSITY


abundant in the periphery
best for dim light
see blk/wht

Front 13

THE HUMAN EYE
Cone

Back 13

6 million

one of the receptor cells of the retina; maximally sensitive to one of 3 different wavelengths of light and hence encodes COLOR VISION.

Abundant in the fovea
best for bright light
see color

Front 14

THE HUMAN EYE
Fovea

Back 14

the region of the retina that mediates the most acute vision of birds and higher mammals. Color-sensitive cones constitute the only type of photoreceptor found in the ___

Front 15

THE HUMAN EYE
Optic Disc

Back 15

The location of the exit point from the retina of the fibers of the ganglion cells that form the optic nerve; respobsible for the blind spot!

Front 16

Anatomy of the visual system
bipolar cells

Back 16

a bipolar neuron located in the middle layer of the retina, conveying information from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells.

Front 17

anatomy of the visual system

ganglion cells

Back 17

a neuron located in the retina that receives visual info from bipolar cells; its axon give rise to the optic nerve.

Front 18

anatomy of the visual system
horizontal cells

Back 18

a neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent photoreceptors and the out processes of the bipolar cells

Front 19

anatomy of the visual system

amacrine cells

Back 19

a neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent ganglion cells and the inner processes of the bipolar cells.

Front 20

Lamella

Back 20

a layer of membrane containing photopigments
-found in the rods and cones of the retina
-each photoreceptor has several hundred!

outer segment is the __ and inner segement is necleus

Front 21

transduction

Back 21

bgg

Front 22

sensory receptor

Back 22

a specialed neuron that detects a particular category of physical events

Front 23

sensory transduction

Back 23

the process by which sensory stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potentials.

Front 24

receptor potential

Back 24

a slow, graded electrical potential produced by a receptor cell in response to a physical stimulus.

Front 25

hue

Back 25

one of the perceptual dimensions of color; the dominant wavelength

Front 26

brightness

Back 26

one of the perceptual dimensions of color; intensity

Front 27

saturation

Back 27

one of the perceptual dimensions of color; purity.

Front 28

vergence movement

Back 28

the cooperative movement of the eyes, which ensures that the image of an object falls on identical portions of both retinas

Front 29

saccadic movements

Back 29

the rapid, jerky movements of the eyes used in scanning a visual scene.

Front 30

pursuit movement

Back 30

the movement that the eyes make to maintain an image of a moving object on the fovea

Front 31

accommodation

Back 31

changes in the thickness of the lens of the eye, accomplished by the ciliary muscles, that focus images of near or distant objects on the retina.

Front 32

retina

Back 32

the neural tissue and photoreceptive cells located on the inner surface of the posterior portion of the eye

Front 33

rod

Back 33

one of the recptor cells of the retina; sensitive to light of low intensity

Front 34

cone

Back 34

one of the receptor cells of the retina; maximally sensitive to one of 3 diff. wavelengths of light and hence encodes color vision.

Front 35

photoreceptor

Back 35

one of the recpetor cells of the retina; transduces photic energy into electrical potentials

Front 36

fovea

Back 36

the region of the retina that mediates the most acute vision of birds and higher mammals. color sensitive cones consitute the only type of photoreceptor found in the fovea.

Front 37

optic disk

Back 37

the location of the exit point from the retina of the fibers of the ganglion ells that form the optic nerve; responsible for the blind spot.

Front 38

photopigment

Back 38

a protein dye bonded to retinal, a substance derived from vitamin A;; responsible from tranduction of visual info.

Front 39

opsin

Back 39

a class of protein that , together with retinal, constitutes the photopigments

Front 40

retinal

Back 40

a chemical synthesized from vitamin A; joins with an opsin to form a photopigment

Front 41

rhodopsin

Back 41

a particular opsin found in rods

Front 42

dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus LGN

Back 42

a group of cell bodies within the lateral genuculate body of the thalamus receives inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex.

Front 43

magnocellular layer

Back 43

one of the inner two layers of the neurons tin the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; tranmits info necessary for the perception of form, movement, depth and small differences in brightness to the primary visual cortex.

Front 44

parvocellular layer

Back 44

one of the four outer layers of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; transmites info necessary for perception of color and fine details to the primary visual cortex.

Front 45

Koniocellular sublayer

Back 45

one of the sublayers of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus found ventral to each of the magnocellular and parvocellular

Front 46

calcarine fissure

Back 46

a horizontal fissure on the inner surface of the posterior cerebral cortex; the location of the primary visual cortex

Front 47

striate cortex

Back 47

the primary visual cortex

Front 48

optic chiasm

Back 48

a croos-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland.

Front 49

receptive field

Back 49

that portion of the visual field in which the presentation of visual stimuli will produce an alteration in the firing rate of a particular neuron.

Front 50

protanopia

Back 50

an inherited form of defective color vison in which red and green hues are confused; "red" cones are filled with "green" cone opsin

Front 51

deuteranopia

Back 51

an inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hue are confused; "green" cones are filled with "red" con opsin.

Front 52

tritanopia

Back 52

an inherited form of defective color vision in which ues with short wavelengths are confused; blue cones are either lacking or faulty.

Front 53

negative afterimage

Back 53

the image seen after a portion of the retina is exposed to an intense visual stimulus; consists of colors complementary to those of the physical stimulus.

Front 54

complementary colors

Back 54

colors that make white or gray when mixed together.

Front 55

simple cell

Back 55

an orientation- sensitive neuron in the striate cortex whose receptive field is organized in an opponent fashion .

Front 56

complex cell

Back 56

a neuron in the visual cortex that responds to the presence of a line segment with a particular orientation located within its receptive field, esp. when the line moves perpendicularly to its orientation.

Front 57

hypercomplex cell

Back 57

a neuron in the visual cortex that responds to the presence of a line segment with a particular orientation that ends at a particular point within the cells receptive field.

Front 58

sine-wave grating

Back 58

a series of straight parallel bands varying continuously in brightness according to a sine-wave function, along a line perpendicular to their lengths

Front 59

spatial frequency

Back 59

the relative width of the bands in a sine-wave grating, measured in vyvles per degree of visual angle

Front 60

retinal disparity

Back 60

the fact that pints on objects looked at diff. distances from the observer will fall on slightly different locations on the two retinas; provides the basis for steropsis.

Front 61

cytochrome oxidoase Co blob

Back 61

the central region of a module of the primary visual cortex, revealed by a stain for cytochrome oxidase; contains wavelengths- sensitive neurons; part of the parvocellular system .

Front 62

extrastriate cortex

Back 62

a region of the visual association cortex; receives fibers form the striate cortex and from the superior colliculi and projects to the inferior temoral cortex.

Front 63

dorsal stream

Back 63

a system of inerconnected regions of visual cortex involed in the perception of spatial location, beinning with the striate cortex and ending with the posterior parietal cortex

Front 64

ventral stream

Back 64

a system on interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of form, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the inferior temporal cortex.

Front 65

inferior temporal cortex

Back 65

the highest level of the ventral strem of the visual association cortex; involved in perception of objet, including ppls bodies and faces.

Front 66

posterior parietal cortex

Back 66

the highest level of the dorsal stream of the visual association cortex, involved in perception of movement and spatial location.

Front 67

color constancy

Back 67

the relatively constant apperance of the colors of objects viwed under varying lighting condition.s

Front 68

cerebral achromatopsia

Back 68

inability to discriminate amoung different hues; caused by damage to area V8 of the visual association cortex.

Front 69

visual agnosia

Back 69

deficits in visual perceptions in the absence of blindness, caused by brain damage.

Front 70

lateral occipital complex

Back 70

a region of the extrastriate cortex, involved in perception of object other than ppls bodies and faces.

Front 71

prosopagnosia

Back 71

failure to recognize particular ppl by the sight of their faces.

Front 72

fusiform face area

Back 72

a region of the visual association cortex located in the inferior temporal loce; involved in perception of faces and other objects that require expertise to recognize

Front 73

extrastriate body area

Back 73

a region of the visual association cortex located in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex; involved in perception of the human body and body parts other than faces.

Front 74

parahippocampal place area

Back 74

a region of the limbic cortex on the medial temporal lobe; involved in perception of particular places.

Front 75

optic flow

Back 75

the comlex motion of points in the visual field caused by relative movement btw the observer and environment; provides info about the relative distance of objects from the observer and of the direction of movement.

Front 76

akinetopsia

Back 76

inability to perceive movemnt, caused by damage to area V5 of the visual association cortex.

Front 77

intaparietal sulcus

Back 77

the end of the dorsal stream of the visual association cortex; involved in perception of location, visual attention, and control of eye nd hand movements.

Front 78

vestibular ganglion

Back 78

a nodule on the vesitbular nerve that contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that convey vestibular information to the brain

Front 79

cutaneous sense

Back 79

one of the somatosenses; includes sensitivity to stimuli that involve the SKIN.

Front 80

proprioception

Back 80

perception of the body's position and posture.

Front 81

kinesthesia

Back 81

perception of the bodys own movements.

Front 82

organic sense

Back 82

a sense modality that arises from receptors located within the inner organs of the body .

Front 83

glabrous skin

Back 83

skin that does not contain hair; found on the palms on the soles of the feet

Front 84

Ruffini corpuscle

Back 84

a vibration- sensitive organ locatd in hairy skin

Front 85

Pacinian corpuscle

Back 85

a specialized, encapsulate somatosensory nerve ending that detects mechanical stimuli, esp vibrations.

Front 86

Meissner's corpuscle

Back 86

the touch= sensitive end organs located in the papillae, small elevations of the dermis that project up into the epidermis.

Front 87

Merkel's disk

Back 87

the touch- sensitive end organs found at the base of the epidermis, adjacent to sweat ducts.

Front 88

Phantom limb

Back 88

sensations that appear to originate in a limb that has been amputated.

Front 89

nucleus raphe magnus

Back 89

a nucleus of the raphe that contains serotonin- secreting neurons that project to the dorsal gray matter of the spinal cord and is involved in analgesia produced by opiates.

Front 90

Lateral
 geniculate
 nucleus
 (LGN)

Back 90

Dorsal LGN
 (from retina to primary  visual cortex)
 
• 6 layers
  1,2 are magnocellular;
 form, motion, depth;
 small differences  in brightness
  – 3-­‐6
 parvocellular;
 fine detail  & color
  – 2,3,5
 get  ipsilateral
 projections from  retina
  – 1,  2,  4
 get contralateral projections
 from retina

Front 91

calcarine fissure

Back 91

a horizontal fissure on the inner surface of the posterior cerebral cortex; the location of the primary visual cortex