Physio Test 2: Neural Control Of Breathing

Front 1

Efferent output and breathing

Back 1

Only inspiration requires muscular control and uses the diaphragm and extrenal intercostal muscles.

Front 2

Accessory muscles for breathing are?

Back 2

Abs and internal intercostals to expire while the traps, sternomast, external intercostals, and pects can help inspire.

Front 3

If your diaphragm was paralyzed how would you breath?

Back 3

Using the accessory muscles would let you respire normally but you would have tachypnea, and inward abdominal movement during inspiration.

Front 4

The afferent respiratory nerves respond to what stimuli?

Back 4

Irritant, mechanical and chemoreceptors.

Front 5

What are the respiratory integrating centers of the brain?

Back 5

The pons and medulla.

Front 6

The dorsal respiratory group(DRG/NTS) of neurons is responsible for what actions?

Back 6

These neurons keep the basic rhythm, by ramping up a signal , and prevent gasping during inspiration. They have no control over expiration.

Front 7

What is the pneumotaxic center in the pons responsible for?

Back 7

It inhibits the DRG signal thereby controlling inspiratory volume and rate. A strong signal = shallow breath.

Front 8

Ventral respiratory group of neurons is responsible for?

Back 8

VRG = Very hard work

Kicks the accessory muscles for breathing into high gear during a time of need, like in exercise or heart failure.

Front 9

Slow stretch receptors and the Herring/Breuer reflex?

Back 9

If the lungs get too inflated they will inhibit inspiration allowing expiration to occur. In the deflation reflex they will shorten the time of exhalation allowing more air to stay in the lungs.

Front 10

Rapid stretch receptors are responsible for?

Back 10

The vagus nerve here responds to stretch and irritants, and will cause a gasp or a cough.

Front 11

J receptors or C fibers do what?

Back 11

JC = EC and sense low O2

They are activated by congestion or edema and sense a decrease O2 concentration that leads to increased respiration.

Front 12

Central Chemoreceptors (slower response)

Back 12

Central, senses, CO2 by way of H+ ions.

Are stimulated by an increase of H+ ions in the CSF caused by increased CO2 in the blood, they do not sense low O2. They increase respiration at high pH and decrease at low pH.

Front 13

Peripheral Chemoreceptors (faster response)

Back 13

Stimulated by hypoxia in arterial blood. Also by high CO2 and low pH. They increase respiration.

Front 14

Anaerobic threshold and O2/CO2 balance

Back 14

With increased ventilation O2/CO2 balance is relatively proportional until you reach the anaerobic threshold at which point the body starts producing lactic acid and we have to hyperventilate to reduce CO2 in the blood.

Front 15

Maximum Volume Respiration(MVR) test?

Back 15

This tests the overall condition of our respiratory junks. To test take a deep breath and hold it for 10 sec, then calculate the minute ventilation. The amount should be around 160L/min in a normal adult.

Front 16

Acute hypercapnia will cause the body to?

Back 16

It causes an immediate response to the increased CO2 and our bodies try reduce it by hyperventilation. Then we will release bicarb to try to lower the pH and thereby the ventilation.

Front 17

Chronic hypercapnia will cause the body to?

Back 17

If our body has lowered the ventilation with bicarb then this will lead to a rise in PCO2 and also hypoxia.

If we try to treat this with O2 therapy this causes complications because the body will then hypoventilate and CO2 will build to dangerous levels in the blood.

Front 18

Acute Hypoxia

Back 18

Causes the body to hyperventilate briefly but the resulting alkalosis inhibits the central chemoreceptors, inhibiting respiration.

Front 19

Chronic hypoxia

Back 19

Can cause hyperventilation for life if the PO2 doesn't get to normal(high altitudes). This is because the pH is compensated and the pH inhibition of ventilation ceases.

Front 20

Sleep apnea is caused by?

Back 20

Either a brain stem disorder or an upper airway obstruction. This causes a reduced blood/O2 saturation.

Front 21

Cheyne stolus breathing

Back 21

Gradual increases followed by decreases in tidal volume as seen in strokes, tumors, CHF, and sleep at high altitude.

Front 22

Kussumal breathing and cardiac disease?

Back 22

A sign of cardiac disease indicated by an increased venous pressure during inspiration.

Front 23

Dyspnea

Back 23

Shortness of breath