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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A common fracture occurring at the ankle
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Pott's fracture
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Fracture common in children whose long bones have yet to ossify
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Greenstick fracture
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What is the zygomatic arch composed of?
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Processes of the zygomatic and temporal bones
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A fracture that doesn't break skin
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Simple fracture
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Fracture that occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone
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Oblique fracture
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Masses of fibrocartilage that separate the vertebrae
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Intervertebral discs
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What does the vertebral column support/protect
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The head and trunk of the body
Protects spinal cord |
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How many cervical vertebrae are there
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7
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Why are the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae distinctive?
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Bc they have transverse foramina which are passageways for blood vessels to and from the brain
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The atlas
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Supports the head
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Axis
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Has dens. Projects upward and lies on the ring of the atlas. As head turns side to side, atlas pivots around dens
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
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12
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What does each thoracic vertebra articulate with?
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A rib
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Why is it significant that thoracic vertebrae are larger in size?
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They are adapted to bear increasing loads of body weight
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
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5
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What is different about the lumbar vertebrae than the other vertebrae
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They are adapted with larger and stronger bodies to support more weight
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How many vertebrae does the sacrum have?
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5
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What forms the base of the vertebral column?
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The sacrum
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What do the spinous processes of the sacrum form?
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A ridge of tubercles
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What is the tailbone called?
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Coccyx
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How many vertebrae is the coccyx made of?
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4
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What does the thoracic cage include?
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Ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, costal cartilages that attach ribs to sternum
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What does the thoracic cage do?
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Supports the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, protects the viscera in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities, and play a role in breathing
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What is the usual. Number of ribs?
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24
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What are the first seven pairs of ribs called? How do they join the sternum?
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True ribs
Join directly by their costal cartilages |
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What are the remaining five pairs of ribs called? Why are they called this?
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False ribs
Bc their cartilages do not reach the sternum directly |
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How to the false ribs connect instead?
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The cartilages of the upper three false ribs join the cartilages of the seventh rib. The last two are called the floating ribs because they have no cartilaginous attachments to the sternum
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What is another name for false ribs
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Vertebrochondral ribs
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What is another name for floating ribs
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Vertebral ribs
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What is another name for true ribs
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Vertebrosternal ribs
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What is another name for breastbone
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Sternum
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Where is the sternum located
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Along the midline in the anterior portion if the thoracic cage
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What are the three parts of the sternum?
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The upper manubrium, the middle body, and the lower xiphoid process
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What does the manubrium articulate with
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The clavicles
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What is the shoulder girdle known as
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The pectoral girdle
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What are the four parts that the pectoral girdle is made up of?
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Two clavicles and two scapulae
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What does the pectoral girdle do?
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It supports the upper limbs and is an attachment for several muscles that move them
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What are the collar bones known as
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Clavicles
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Where are the clavicles located
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At the base of the neck; they run horizontally between the manubrium and the scapulae
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What do the clavicles do
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Brace the freely movable scapulae, helping to hold the shoulders in place. Also provide attachment for muscles of upper limbs, chest, and back
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What are the shoulder blades known as?
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The scapulae
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What divides the posterior surface of each scapulae into unequal portions
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A spine
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What does the spine lead to
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An acromian process (forms the tip of the shoulders) and a coracoid process (curves to the clavicle)
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What does the acromian process do?
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Articulates with the clavicle and provides attachments for muscles of the upper limb and chest
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What does the coracoid process do?
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Provides attachments for upper limb and chest muscles
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What is between the acromian and coracoid processes?
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The glenoid cavity
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What does the glenoid cavity do?
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It articulates with the head of the humerus
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What bones are included in the bones of the upper limb?
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Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
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What is the humerus
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A long bone that extends from the scapula to the elbow
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What is the radius
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(Located on the thumb side of the forearm) extends from the elbow to the wrist and crosses offer the ulna when the hand is turns
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What is the ulna
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Longer than the radius and overlaps the end of the humerus posteriorly
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What is the notch in the ulna that articulates with the humerus?
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The trochlear notch
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What is the hand made up of?
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The wrist, palm, and fingers
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What is the wrist made up of?
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Eight small carpal bones
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What forms the framework of the palm?
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Five metacarpal bones
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What are the finger bones?
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Phalanges
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How many phalanges does each finger have?
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3
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What are those three bones in the phalanges
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A proximal, middle, and distal phalanx EXCEPT THE THUMB (doesn't have middle phalanx)
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What does the pelvic girlie consist of?
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Two hip bones
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What bones form the pelvis
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The sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle
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What does the pelvic girdle do
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Supports the trunk of the body, provides attachments for the lower limbs, and portents the urinary bladder, the distal end of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs
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What three parts does each hip bone develop from?
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An ilium, an ischium, and a pubis
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Where do the three hip parts fuse?
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The acetabulum
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What does the acetabulum do?
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It receives the rounded head of the femur
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What is the ilium
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The largest and uppermost portion of the hip bone. Flares outward, forming the prominence of the hip.
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What is the margin of that prominence in the hip called?
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The iliac crest
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What is the pubis
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It makes up the anterior portion of the hip bone. Rep public bones join at the midline, forming the public symphysis
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Which bones make up the lower limb?
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Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
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What is the femur
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The thigh bone. Longest bone in the body. Extends from hip to knee
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What two processes of the femur articulate with the tibia
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The lateral and medial condyles
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What is the kneecap known as
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Patella (articulates with femur at its distal surface)
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What is the tibia
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(Shin bone) the larger of the two leg bones and is located on the medial side. At its distal end, it expands to form the media malleolus on the inner ankle which is an attachment for ligaments
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What is the fibula
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A long slender nine located on the lateral side of the tibia. It's ends are larger. Does not enter into knee joint and does not bear any body weight
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What is the foot made up of
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The ankle, instep, and toes
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What is the ankle (tarsus) composed of
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Seven tarsal bones. They are arranged so that the talus can move freely
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Calcaneus
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Largest of the tarsals, heel bone, below the talus, forms base of heel. Helps support body weight and provides attachment for muscles that move foot
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Instep
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(Metatarsus) consists of five metatarsals that articulate with the tarsus. Distal ends of these bones make ball of foot
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What causes flat feet or fallen arches
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The weakening of the of the tissues that bind the metatarsals
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Toes
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Phalanges. Align and articulate with the metatarsals. Each has a proximal, middle, and distal phalanx. EXCEPT BIG TOE (lacks a middle phalanx)
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A broken blood vessel that causes a blood clot after a fracture
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Fracture hematoma
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Osteopenia
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Inadequate ossification that naturally occurs as part of aging process. Starts between ages 30 and 40. Osteoblastic activity decreases and osteoclastic activity increases
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Osteoporosis
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Loss of bone mass that impairs normal function and can lead to more fractures. More common in women and accelerates after menopause. Due to decline in circulating estrogen (estrogen helps you hold on to your vitamin D, vitamin D helps you hold on to your calcium
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What does the axial skeleton include?
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Skull and associated bones, thoracic cage with ribs and sternum, vertebral column
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What does the appendicular skeleton include?
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Pectoral girdle and upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs
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What is the "phone number" for the vertebrae
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7-12-5-5-4
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Primary curves
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Project posteriorly and include thoracic and sacral curves. Present at birth
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Secondary curves
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Project anteriorly and include cervical and lumbar curves. Develop several months after birth
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Kyphosis
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Exaggerated thoracic curve (Dowager's hump) can be caused by osteoporosis
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Lordosis
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Exaggerated lumbar curve. Can be from injury, growing too quickly, pregnancy.
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Scoliosis
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Abnormal lateral curve. Girls have more chance of getting it than boys
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What is the elbow called
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Olecranan process
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What two bones to the carpal bones articulate proximally with?
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Radius and ulna
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What does the Achilles' tendon do?
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It holds the foot on in the back
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