Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are 3 ways to characterize "maleness" and "femaleness"?
|
genetic sex (XX vs XY)
gonadal sex (ovaries vs testes) phenotypic sex (internal genital tract and external genitalia) |
|
|
What are the three types of cells present in male gonads?
|
germ cells, Leydig cells, Sertoli cells
|
|
|
What are the three types of cells present in female gonads?
|
germ cells, theca cells, granulosa cells
|
|
|
Where are the main fuctions of Sertoli cells, and what are they stimulated by?
|
to synthesize anti-mullerian hormone, to support/protect/nourish developing spermatogenic cells; stimulated by FSH
|
|
|
What is the main function of Leydig cells, and what are they stimulated by?
|
to produce testosterone; stim by LH (and prolactin, which induces expression of LH receptor)
(located in intertubular space of testes) |
|
|
Where in the ovary are granulosa cells located, histologically?
|
between the zona pellucida and basal lamina of developing oocyte
|
|
|
Where in the ovary are theca cells located, histologically?
|
outside the basal lamina of developing oocyte (cellular capsule)
|
|
|
What is the function of the theca cells, and what are they stimulated by?
|
produce androstenedione (and progesterone during the luteal phase); stimulated by LH
|
|
|
What is the function of the granulosa cells, and what are they stimulated by?
|
convert androstenedione to estradiol; stimulated by FSH
acquire LH receptors in graafian follicle, essential for luteinization |
|
|
What are the 2 key differences between male and female gonads that influence phenotypic sex?
|
testes secrete anti-mullerian hormone and testosterone
|
|
|
What structures are included in the male internal genital tract?
|
prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, epididymis
|
|
|
What structures are included in the male external genitalia?
|
scrotum and penis
|
|
|
What structures are included in the female internal genital tract?
|
fallopian tubes, uterus, upper third of vagina
|
|
|
What structures are included in the female external genitalia?
|
lower 2/3 of vagina, labia majora and minora, clitoris
|
|
|
What hormonal mechanisms direct the development of the MALE internal genital tract?
|
testosterone stimulates wolffian ducts to become int. gen. tract
anti-mullerian hormone causes atrophy of mullerian ducts |
|
|
What hormonal mechanisms direct the development of the MALE external genitalia?
|
depends on testosterone (which must be converted to dihydrotestosterone), and presence of androgen receptors on target tissues
|
|
|
What hormonal mechanisms direct the development of the FEMALE internal genital tract?
|
no testosterone = no development of wolffian ducts
no anti-mullerian hormone = development of mullerian ducts |
|
|
What hormonal mechanisms direct the development of the FEMALE external genitalia?
|
none are required, but growth to normal size requires estrogen
|
|
|
What happens if a female is exposed to high levels of androgens in utero when external genitalia are differentiating? What if exposure occurs after differentiation?
|
develops male external genitalia; female phenotype remains, perhaps enlarged clitoris
|
|
|
What primary hormonal event induces puberty?
|
pulsatile secretion of GnRH (drives pulsatile secretion of LH and FSH)
|
|
|
What positive feedback mechanism is GnRH involved in, early in puberty?
|
GnRH upregulates own a/p receptor
|
|
|
What are the relative levels of FSH and LH in childhood, during/after puberty, and in old age?
|
low, FSH > LH; increase LH > FSH; low again FSH > LH
|
|
|
What are the effects of increased LH/FSH at puberty?
|
increases s/c of estradiol and testosterone -> development of secondary sex characteristics
(inc testost from Leydig cell proliferation) |
